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The supply chain is among the factors that have contributed in climate change, whether through the set of environmental impacts resulting from its activities of transport, manufacturing, distribution etc., and due to the enormous number of worldwide companies, which continues to increase, and which involves further negative impact on the environment. The purpose of this paper is to provide the researcher and decision maker with a set of good practices of green supply chain modeling, and some discussions. Indeed, many scholars have carried out theoretical studies in this sense, by dealing with a set of methods and tools; but have not provided an overview of the best practices to be taken into consideration in order to achieve optimal modeling. The proposed framework is the focus of analysis in this paper. Firstly, this paper proposes a brief literature review on the main keywords of this paper, then at the end a conclusion with some direction for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earth, a complex and interconnected system, faces an imminent threat from climate change, exacerbated by escalating carbon emissions. The Philippines addressed air quality concerns with the Clean Air Act of 1999, emphasizing mobile sources like vehicles. This paper proposed a catalytic converter prototype incorporating zeolite to assess its efficiency in reducing carbon emissions. Employing an experimental approach, the study utilizes t-tests as a statistical tool to compare carbon emissions between vehicles with and without the zeolite-based catalytic converter and value analysis and value engineering to optimize the production process and reduce costs. Based on the obtained results, "Z-Lite'' is a profitable alternative exhaust filter for diesel engines, showcasing its potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly. The statistical analysis, yielding a low p-value, supports the hypothesis that zeolite filters effectively reduce carbon emissions. With over 100 emission centers in the Philippines, the marketability of ZLite in Marikina City underscores its practicality in addressing environmental concerns and promoting sustainable practices in the transportation industry. The integration of value analysis and value engineering ensures that it is both environmentally friendly and affordable, making it a promising and sustainable choice for mitigating the environmental impact of diesel engine emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many initiatives to control climate change and mitigate its effects have been developed recently. The implementation of the new green logistics strategy and its effects on the commercial sectors in Oman are the subject of several initiatives and studies that are required. The fact that COVID-19 accelerates supply chain management and its operations in Oman to begin using green solutions and a sustainable business strategy to achieve sustainable development, it is critical to understand which aspects deserve specific consideration. Sustainable solutions in the field of logistics management as well as maintaining net zero emissions in the Sultanate of Oman by implementing such a strategy. Maintaining a sustainable business model and sustainable supply chain management will assist any logistics organization in Oman in reducing emissions and achieving long-term success, which directly impacts green logistics. This paper's main objectives are to examine and identify strategies for implementing the influence of green logistics on transportation and how to keep green logistics aligned with a sustainable transportation system. This research also focuses on sustainable business models that will enhance logistics in support of zero net emissions as well as sustainable solutions that will facilitate the implementation of green logistics. The goal will be possible to achieve by combining sustainable SCM with green logistics, just as the associated SCM is necessary and aligns with logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade there has been a call for action to reduce the emissions which have contributed to global warming and climate change. Many countries and organizations have invested in renewable resources like solar, wind and hydropower to produce energy in a sustainable way. In recent years, an interest has been taken in hydrogen. This paper highlights the benefits of hydrogen and more specifically green hydrogen which is hydrogen produced using renewable resources. It highlights the current challenges such as production of hydrogen at large scale and the cost of production. During research, the benefits of hydrogen were discovered and the lack of knowledge especially in the public sector were observed. To help create awareness and highlight the future prospects of hydrogen, Microsoft Power BI data visualization tool was used to create an interactive dashboard which can be used to create awareness between the users and to encourage them to adopt renewable energies. Certain countries and companies were highlighted for taking the prominent role in the production of hydrogen and paving the way for others to follow with their findings. With the increase in awareness between communities, it is predicted that government and other entities will be encouraged to explore clearer energy such as hydrogen. It was recommended that in the future when the cost of hydrogen has decreased it can be used to tackle large sectors like heavy duty industrial and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the impact of biogas use in rural communities in Zimbabwe. A comparative study between the use of firewood and the use of biogas can be done. The paper discusses the historical developments in the use of biogas to date. The use and cost of energy and power is assessed to identify options to replace with biogas. Possible replacement of natural gas and firewood usage is also considered. The different and main feed stocks for biogas are discussed with a view to determine feed stock options for Zimbabwe. The challenges around the use of human waste for biogas are examined in terms of perceptions and cultural aspects. A case for biogas use is developed to justify the need to use it since it is a renewable energy. The production of biogas in bio-digesters and biogas plants in different parts of the world is considered to provide possible benchmarks. A discussion of the climate change impacts of biogas use and the mitigation options are presented. Finally, research gaps are identified paving way for future studies. The proposed future studies will focus on these reviewed aspects and research gaps with a view to fully study the impacts of the use of biogas in rural communities in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing concerns about the adverse effects attributable to climate change, two imperatives of the sustainability paradigm are to reduce pollution and CO2 footprint, especially in the energy-intensive mining, mineral processing and beneficiation sectors of industry. Thus, a major challenge in minerals processing is to optimize the energy consumption of unit operations. In principle, this requires the utilization of all data and information that fully characterize the dynamics of all material and physical elements which constitute the organization that operates an ore crushing and screening process. By analyzing available data and information, this paper highlights how the variability in ore quality influences the energy of crushing and screening operations in a case study comminution facility. The empirical findings reinforce the need to apply robust models based on implementation of 4IR technologies to provide better information for decision making; in this case, towards continuous optimization of energy consumption to lower pollution and the CO2 footprint of comminution unit operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology advances, climate change comes along with it. The world advances towards an era where everything can be easily manufactured. So, it is essential to know which materials and resources to use and utilize. This study was conducted to know which organic material is stronger as the main component in the production of bioplastics. Such findings benefit the companies that produce or plan to produce eco-friendly bioplastics. The emerging need to use sustainable materials pushed them to divulge in this study. Moreover, this redounds to the benefit of humanity, considering that non-biodegradable materials continue to litter the planet. This paper aimed to promote sustainability and resourcefulness by identifying the better material for manufacturing bioplastics. The literature review presented a detailed discussion on plastics. From how it is caused, up to how it should be reduced and diminished. The researchers prepared samples of corn-based and cassava-based bioplastic, and prepared samples of petroleum-based plastic to serve as the standard in this comparative study. These samples were tested under a series of trials to determine the difference between their tensile strength. The researchers analyzed the results of these trials by using the Independent Samples T-test as a statistical tool to determine the statistical difference between these bioplastics in terms of their tensile properties, with the petroleum-based plastic packages as the standard. From there, the researchers concluded that corn-based bioplastics are up to par with petroleum-based plastics regarding tensile strength. However, it is recommended to try a more relevant test to have more in-depth knowledge of these plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world environment is continuously changing due to various factors that include technological advancements, climate change, economic growth, and population increases. These factors contribute to greater demand for food, energy, and water resources. Policymakers need to strategize and plan accordingly to determine how to preserve the environment due to rising temperatures, water sacristy and increased demand for food resources while also efficiently managing these resources in order to meet sustainable goals. Policymakers are tasked with reducing carbon emissions, as well as increasing resource utilization efficiently all while keeping costs down. An approach known as food-energywater (FEW) nexus is developed in order to promote sustainable development and synergy between resources in the nexus. The adoption of this FEW nexus framework can contribute to a greater understanding between the resources and their connections and thus allow us the evaluation of tradeoffs that exist between the resources and optimize the framework where informed decisions that will aid in achieving sustainability goals (societal, economic, and environmental can be achieved. In this paper, we apply and study the impact of the FEW on a case study in Florida that includes a number of urban farms. The urban farms were developed with the objective of contributing fresh food supply to the local community. The inhabitants of the local community belong to food deserts, where inhabitants are low-income, low-mobility, and do not have access to fresh food within ten miles. Each of the urban farms belongs to a community-scale microgrid (MG) which provides electricity for the local community and the electricity is generated from solar energy. The MG's objective is to meet environmental sustainability goals by contributing fewer carbon emissions compared to traditional energy sources such as coal, crude oil, or natural gas. In addition, solar energy is a viable option due to the amount of solar radiation in the state of Florida. In this paper, the impacts of the proposed framework (urban farms & microgrids) through an analysis of societal, economic, and environmental sustainability measures are investigated. For societal sustainability measurements, the impact of the framework on food security of the local inhabitants are studied. For environmental sustainability, the impact of carbon emissions and the carbon emissions that are avoided due to the use of solar energy are analyzed. Finally, in terms of economic sustainability, the costs of the solar energy infrastructure, as well as possible costs or profits due to lack of electricity production or excess production are estimated. The paper employs an agent-based modeling (ABM) approach to study the interactions between agents in the framework (consumers, urban farms, microgrids) and this will allow to gain a greater understanding of the synergies and tradeoffs that occur in a FEW nexus for the case study considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the carbon footprint along the food supply chain neutralizes the cost of climate change-related impacts on the environment. A third of the food produced globally is wasted along the food value chain. This paper presents a microscopic review covering studies related to carbon footprint analysis across the food industry. The review focuses on the critical aspects of lifecycle-based techniques across the food supply chain, namely, a) calculating the amount of food waste/loss b) evaluating and quantifying the environmental impacts associated with food waste accumulation along the value chain and, c) identifying the stages along the value chain that contribute potentially to the food waste-related emissions and environmental impacts. The results show food waste in terms of mass does not necessarily indicate the food waste-related impact. Although animal-containing products have relatively low waste in terms of mass, they contribute significantly to the food waste-related impact, explicitly affecting global warming potential. This paper's outcomes support food waste-related sustainability assessment and transition to a circular food supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Agenda 2030, entitled “Transforming our World” has tabled aspirations for urgent action on climate change. COP 24, held in 2018 in Poland, wants greater urgency of action from all countries in managing carbon emissions. Human activity is the prime contributor to generating carbon emissions, primarily from electrical power generation from coal, oil and gas and transport driven by carbon based liquid fuels. South Africa has an abundance of coal. South African electricity generation is historically embedded in thermal coal power generation, owning and operating large power stations of typical capacities of 6 x 600 MW turbo-generators. Most recently, South African is busy adding another 12 X 800 MW super-critical turbo-generators. South African imports all its crude oil and natural gas. These are used extensively in transportation of persons and goods. The South African economy is totally based on the carbon economy. Reducing the dependence on coal and liquid fuels will impact jobs and the economy. The interdependencies are complex. The paper presents the status of South Africa’s contributions to carbon emissions and the country’s aspirations as committed at COP 24. The key performance indicators for the transition period of 2020 to 2050 are considered. The paper concludes with a research proposal for developing strategies and quality standards of measurement and management in moving South Africa’s transition away from a carbon based economy over the next three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Agenda 2030, entitled "Transforming our World" has tabled aspirations for urgent action on climate change. COP 24, held in 2018 in Poland, wants greater urgency of action from all countries in managing carbon emissions. Human activity is the prime contributor to generating carbon emissions, primarily from electrical power generation from coal, oil and gas and transport driven by carbon based liquid fuels. South Africa has an abundance of coal. South African electricity generation is historically embedded in thermal coal power generation, owning and operating large power stations of typical capacities of 6 x 600 MW turbo-generators. Most recently, South African is busy adding another 12 X 800 MW super-critical turbo-generators. South African imports all its crude oil and natural gas. These are used extensively in transportation of persons and goods. The South African economy is totally based on the carbon economy. Reducing the dependence on coal and liquid fuels will impact jobs and the economy. The interdependencies are complex. The paper presents the status of South Africa's contributions to carbon emissions and the country's aspirations as committed at COP 24. The key performance indicators for the transition period of 2020 to 2050 are considered. The paper concludes with a research proposal for developing strategies and quality standards of measurement and management in moving South Africa's transition away from a carbon based economy over the next three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freight transportation practices accounted for a significant share of environmental degradation and climate change over the years. Therefore, environmentally responsible transport practices (ERTPs) become a serious concern of freight shippers and transport service providers. Past studies reported that a little attention is paid to assess the ERTPs of freight transport companies. This paper proposed a hierarchical framework consists of five ERTPs dimensions and thirty-three practices including four new practices. The transport firm selection is affected by multiple expert opinions, lack of information availability, decision-making ambiguity, and background of experts. The evaluation of such decisions requires a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method under group decision-making approach. This paper used an intuitionistic fuzzy set integrated analytic hierarchy process (IF-AHP) and VIseKriterijumska Kompromisno Rangiranje (IF-VIKOR) method. The applicability of the proposed framework is validated with Indian freight transport industry. The importance weight of ERTPs are computed with the help of IFAHP method and performance of selected transport companies’ w.r.t. ERTPs are measured by IF-VIKOR. The result analysis shows that environmental knowledge sharing among freight transport actors, quality of organizations human resource, collaborative green awareness training programs, promoting environmental awareness program for employees, and compliance of government transport emission law and practice have been ranked top five ERTPs which significantly contribute to the environmental sustainability of freight transport industry. The proposed framework is also ranked freight transport companies based on ERTPs. Two different sensitivity analysis approach are presented to check the model robustness. This research is expected to provide a reference to develop ERTPs in emerging economies freight transport industry and contribute to the development of sustainable freight transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freight transportation practices accounted for a significant share of environmental degradation and climate change over the years. Therefore, environmentally responsible transport practices (ERTPs) become a serious concern of freight shippers and transport service providers. Past studies reported that a little attention is paid to assess the ERTPs of freight transport companies. This paper proposed a hierarchical framework consists of five ERTPs dimensions and thirty-three practices including four new practices. The transport firm selection is affected by multiple expert opinions, lack of information availability, decisionmaking ambiguity, and background of experts. The evaluation of such decisions requires a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method under group decision-making approach. This paper used an intuitionistic fuzzy set integrated analytic hierarchy process (IF-AHP) and VIseKriterijumska Kompromisno Rangiranje (IF-VIKOR) method. The applicability of the proposed framework is validated with Indian freight transport industry. The importance weight of ERTPs are computed with the help of IFAHP method and performance of selected transport companies' w.r.t. ERTPs are measured by IF-VIKOR. The result analysis shows that environmental knowledge sharing among freight transport actors, quality of organizations human resource, collaborative green awareness training programs, promoting environmental awareness program for employees, and compliance of government transport emission law and practice have been ranked top five ERTPs which significantly contribute to the environmental sustainability of freight transport industry. The proposed framework is also ranked freight transport companies based on ERTPs. Two different sensitivity analysis approach are presented to check the model robustness. This research is expected to provide a reference to develop ERTPs in emerging economies freight transport industry and contribute to the development of sustainable freight transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance is one form of transformation system on the basis of the two-way relations between the environment and finance and investment. In term of green, the whole humans' activities should be considering the environment-friendly projects and efficient use of resources. In line with the 2030 plan, the financial and related financial activities, including investment, must be shifted from carbon and intensive resources to sustainable finance. It means that green finance is closely connected to the economy in nature. Today, the world economy is facing the global economic challenges, i.e., sustainable green finance, because it requires adequate funding. Of these, the government agencies and financial institutions must provide the funding to support sustainable green finance implementation. The present paper seeks to provide an understanding of the sustainable green finance literature that has collected from the various relevant sources. This study designed using a qualitative approach through review literature. Reviews on green and sustainable finance were conducted by reading and analysing 30 peer-reviewed journal articles and summarised in two tables, namely article journal and publisher distribution and article category on the basis of the subject. This study's findings are that the government should maintain economic stability by considering environmental problems and climate change. The transformation system of sustainable green finance is categorised as the high level of complexity and uncertainty. There are several obstacles in implementing a green financial system, such as government readiness to increase the country's resilience to unstable social and economic conditions and changing a paradigm of business actors to focus on green financing. In conclusion, this study found that the government plays a crucial role in ensuring green finance in entirely business sectors (industry and non-industry) and accelerating the transition period by creating conducive economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the impact of energy demand on the environment has increased global nations focus on sustainability efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that required intervention and a shared sense of responsibility. The need for a long-term sustainable energy policy became of high importance due to the increasing CO2 emissions and the rising marginal cost of natural gas supply, which is the primary backbone of the UAE domestic energy system. The UAE government recognized the need to deploy renewable energy to address climate change and CO2 emission problem by diversifying their energy resources, but the critical challenge is to minimize the gap between RE policy formulation and actual implementation. This study conducts intensive research to support solar energy deployment in the UAE by introducing a framework to promote feasible RE policy mechanisms that can be implemented to break up the monopoly. Therefore, the research intends to assist UAE electricity authorities in considering RE policies to meet the energy demand by taking advantage of UAE's abundant solar irradiance, which reduces the dependence on fossil fuels. However, the paper's main findings indicate RE policies to promote sustainability deployment, including feed-in-tariffs (FIT), net metering, RE auctions (tendering), quotas, and tax credits. In contrast, a mixed FIT policy and quota policy is recommended for the UAE's electricity sector whereas the significant factors influencing RE development are geographical, economic, technological, environmental, and political factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy production has several direct environmental challenges which include climate change, air pollution, water pollution, land contamination, thermal/heat pollution, and solid waste disposal. Energy related air pollution is a major environmental challenge facing urban areas. Fuel combustion leads directly to emissions and potential environmental harm, while use of electricity does not lead directly to environmental impacts, but its production from fuels leads to emits significant quantities of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. However, if electricity is produced from renewable and low carbon sources like wind turbines, solar photovoltaic cells and nuclear has limited direct emissions compared to fossil fuels. Assessment of environmental impacts of energy carriers considers processes from resource extraction, its conversion into secondary energy carriers, consumption, and waste disposal or recycling. The cradle-to-grave approach captures all steps between extracting materials and fuels from the environment until and their returned to the environment. The attainment of decarburization targets and keeping global warming below 2°C threshold requires well-informed energy policy design. Low-carbon electricity supply for all needed to attain the 2°C-compatible energy system, will entail electrification of most of our economy. Life cycle assessment facilitates evaluation of a product over its life cycle, and across various environmental indicators. Energy resources and technologies for power generation are a mix of renewable and nonrenewable e.g. coal, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, concentrated solar power (CSP), photovoltaics, and wind power. Life cycle assessment is a tool used to evaluate the environmental impact of energy sources. One major limitation of the standard life cycle assessment methodology is that it ignores the impact of the impact of greenhouse gases. Life-cycle impacts decrease substantially when current fossil fuel technologies diminish in the energy mix, particularly coal. Natural gas use may play an important role during the transition while installation of new fossil options without CO2 capture should be avoided to minimize emissions. The endogenous integration of life-cycle indicators into energy models adds value to both life cycle assessment and energy systems modelling in their support in energy decision as well as policymaking for sustainable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines is one of the Asian countries most vulnerable to natural disasters according to Climate Change Vulnerability Index, and has been under the Pacific Typhoon Belt due to its location. As a result, the Philippines is highly vulnerable to typhoons and flooding. Tarlac, a province in the Philippines, is a frequently flooded location due to its geographic features. With this, this study aimed to assess the service quality of La Paz Tarlac LGU's disaster response by analyzing the underlying factors that explain the correlational pattern between a set of measured variables using SPSS software. The researchers evaluated this by getting the points of view of both LGU employees and residents of the area. Through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the complex information in multi-criterion decision-making was dealt with. As a result, the alternative solutions with the most significant weight among others for each criterion are as follows: "Standard Operating Procedure on Disaster Management," "Drill and Trainings," and "New and Improved Disaster Reduction Technologies," respectively. By clustering variables, factor 1 is linked with the Efficiency of LGU's Disaster Response. The second aspect relates to the Readiness of LGU Personnel for Disaster Operations. Factor 3 is connected with Effective Disaster Plan Dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement/Purpose: Currently, many farmers plant crops that have grown well on their land for generations. However, climate change is starting to cause sizable decreases in crop yields. Meaning, crops native to certain areas which previously flourished are now becoming less compatible to their environment. MIT professor, Arnaud Costinot, found that roughly 66% of crop yield issues can be fixed by relocating farms or crop-switching. The purpose of Croptimize is to allow farmers to determine the most optimal crop to grow on a certain plot of land and adapt to climate change's negative effects on yields. It utilizes a mobile robot unit, a kNN machine-learning algorithm, and environmental data to suggest the best crop(s) to grow in a certain region. Methods: First, several data points regarding optimal conditions for growing several crops around the world were collected and put into a CSV database. Next, we assembled the robot. We gathered several sensors to test environmental conditions (soil pH, humidity, above-soil temperature, sunlight intensity, and NPK nutrient concentration). We connected these sensors to an Arduino Mega using various breakout boards, which interprets the sensor data it collects and sends it to a Raspberry Pi through a serial connection. The Raspberry Pi uses the collected data to run the ML algorithm and outputs results to a database. We organized the components in a casing and added a chassis for mobility and autonomy. The robot was deployed at an open field in Grant County Park to collect data, and we used that data to determine the most fit crops for that plot by using a kNN clustering algorithm. Our algorithm cross-compares 200,000+ data points from our plant database with the data from the field; the plants from the database with the strongest correlation to the field's conditions were outputted as the most suitable crops. Croptimize provided accurate results due to its constant readings throughout the day, on different areas of the field. Results: Croptimize outputted a crop that best fit the tested plot of land. In our experiment, it outputted 'spinach' as the optimal crop for the following conditions: pH levels ranging from 6.5 to 7.1, above-soil temperature ranging from 56 to 74 degrees Fahrenheit, roughly 8 hours of sunlight (at an average of 890 lux), and humidity levels ranging from 63% to 68%. When we tested different parts of the park on different days, the robot received different input values and outputted other fit crops for the plots of land. They included artichoke, cucumber, and guar bean. Conclusions/Discussion: The promising results of Croptimize demonstrate the potential it has in reversing numerous inefficiencies in producing crop yields. By testing locations around the world, it can help farmers figure out what optimal crops they can switch to, and figure out where they can relocate their preexisting crop, such that it will grow better. Through practices of crop-switching or relocating crops, which Croptimize enables, farmers can adapt to the imminent and negative effects of climate change on crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is one of the causes of climate change and has been causing havoc, affecting people's welfare globally, more so in Malaysia. For helping reverse the devastating pattern of environmental pollution, employees must be encouraged to practise green behaviour, where they align their values and behaviour towards environmental sustainability goals. Hence, this study sought to determine the antecedents of employee green behaviour (EGB) of academics at Malaysian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) by investigating the impact of several psychological variables, namely attitude, environmental concern, and perceived behavioural control, on the behaviour. Data were collected through a cross-sectional quantitative survey among 425 academics at five research universities in Malaysia by using a convenience sampling. Further, the study used Smart PLS 3.2.8 version for analysis. The results showed that academics' attitude, environmental concern, and perceived behavioural control significantly impacted their EGB. The favourable disposition of academics towards environmental sustainability, their heightened concern about the current state of the environment, and their perceived behavioural control to practice environmentally friendly activities tend to result in EGB being conducted by the academics at the HEIs. This study contributes to further understanding of the theory of planned behaviour and value-belief-norms theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of time, the man had made his effort to build an adequate limited environment to conduct various activities. The man prepared a space that protects him from the changing climate factors around him. There are limits to climate comfort in terms of temperature, humidity, and ventilation. Past those thresholds, there is physical weakness and lack of production. This study of the existing buildings and their surrounding environment conveys the impact of conventional architecture on the interior environment. To conclude the roles and standards that may control the thermal and climatic comfort of the residential areas. To present, a residential compound model design. Clarifying the preferred applied orientation, architectural treatments, and building mass, and gap proportions around the building in sight of (selecting materials, construction methods, and the exterior envelope of the building). Use local natural materials to achieve thermal balance, air movement, and climate comfort inside the buildings and city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansions of global population, increasing water demand, along with recent climate changes and scarceness of natural water sources, have caused the increment need of seawater desalination worldwide. Much attention has been paid in the water desalination literature to optimize the unit processes of a single desalination plant and its operations. Nevertheless, there are few researches considered evaluating the desalination supply chain as a whole, more particularly closed-loop supply chain. Examining the water desalination process as a closed-loop supply chain allows decision makers to evaluate the performance of water desalination operations end to end. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a performance measurement model for closed-loop supply chain in water desalination industry. The research methodology is based on literature analysis concerning performance measurement in closed-loop supply chain to be applied for companies belonging to the water desalination industry. Since the study focuses on a specific industry, this could be seen as a limitation. The proposed model could serve as a reference for the desalination industry to establish applicable performance appraisal indicators. It is believed that both researchers and practitioners would benefit from the model developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansions of global population, increasing water demand, along with recent climate changes and scarceness of natural water sources, have caused the increment need of seawater desalination worldwide. Much attention has been paid in the water desalination literature to optimize the unit processes of a single desalination plant and its operations. Nevertheless, there are few researches considered evaluating the desalination supply chain as a whole, more particularly closed-loop supply chain. Examining the water desalination process as a closed-loop supply chain allows decision makers to evaluate the performance of water desalination operations end to end. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a performance measurement model for closed-loop supply chain in water desalination industry. The research methodology is based on literature analysis concerning performance measurement in closed-loop supply chain to be applied for companies belonging to the water desalination industry. Since the study focuses on a specific industry, this could be seen as a limitation. The proposed model could serve as a reference for the desalination industry to establish applicable performance appraisal indicators. It is believed that both researchers and practitioners would benefit from the model developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]