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This study introduces the conic section arc elements in 2D and 2.5D finite element method (FEM). Elements are obtained by deforming an edge in a standard triangular element through a coordinate transformation. This allows to completely eliminate the geometrical error in structures composed of circular, elliptical, hyperbolic and parabolic arcs. The element order is defined independently of the geometrical description of the boundary, allowing the use of simple meshers. Previously available FEM codes can be straightforwardly modified to introduce the conic section boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a single‐layer via‐less antenna array operating in circular polarisation for wide‐band operation in C‐band. The antenna comprises 2×2 disc based elements arranged in a sequential rotation architecture. Each element is tuned to exhibit multiple resonances with good circular polarisation performance over a broadband of frequencies. A proper feeding network is then designed so that the resulting array is capable of a wide‐band operation and enhanced gain, equalising the frequency response of the set of elements. Simulations are validated by fabricating and measuring a prototype realised on a commercial FR408 dielectric substrate. Notwithstanding a dimension of only 7×7cm2, that is only 1.66λ02 at centre frequency, measured performance of the proposed array can be summarised in a gain better than 7 dB over an operation bandwidth of 24.45%, which is an unmatched result, given the via‐less single‐layer technology and the specific available area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]