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One crucial objective of this article is to present simplified and accurate approaches to study the current distribution and ground surface potential around the area surrounding an earthed and isolated system in case of a line‐to‐earth fault. The present study is done in the case of uniform and two‐layer soils. Suggested models for calculating the distribution of the earth's surface current density, step, and touch voltages in grounded and isolated systems are presented, discussed, and adapted. The contact and arc resistances of line to ground faulty conductors are considered. Rods and/or grounding grids usually do grounded systems. The impact of both step and touch potentials and current density are investigated in this article. The methods of the calculations are based on the electrical concepts, the charge simulation method, and the imaging procedure for the grounding system. The suggested method can be considered a novel and simple technique for calculating the current distributions of the ground surface during line to ground fault. The results agree with those obtained by others, with the advantage of the proposed algorithm for its ease of application and simplicity. 3‐D dimensions' contours of the current density and the electric potential on the earth surface around the faulty point are presented in case of homogeneous and two layers' soil. Finally, this article's novelty is to devise a method for calculating the step and touch potentials and current density around the point of contact of the conductor carrying the electric voltages in the event of faults occurring in the electrical network, whether the network is grounded or isolated. Such faults of electrical networks may cause human hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, newly structured nanoparticles are synthesised and incorporated in the transformer oil for enhancing the dielectric properties. A new nanocrystalline series of zinc oxide (ZnO) and ZnO partially substituted by lanthanum oxide is presented for the first time, where the precursor technique is utilised to create the nano‐powders. Different partial substitutions facilitate to manipulate nanocrystalline sizes, and therefore the effect on nanofluid dielectric characteristics is attained. Another factor during the laboratory nanoparticles preparation is considered that the precursor is annealed at different temperatures. The nanocrystalline phase compositions are experimentally examined and evaluated using X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Accordingly, single‐phase and multi‐phase nanocrystalline powders are ascertained. The transformer oil incorporated with nanoparticles is prepared and its dielectric strength is measured using an oil breakdown voltage tester. The measured dielectric strength of transformer oil with and without nanoparticles is statistically evaluated using Weibull distribution. The most appropriate nanofluid and concentration are estimated experimentally. Toward interpreting the nanofluid dielectric enhancement, their electric field distribution is numerically evaluated at different nanoparticle concentrations using COMSOL multiphysics. This study supports the analysis and optimisation of transformer oil dielectric performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most presented dissolved gas analysis (DGA) techniques were interested in determining the fault types (FTs), but few articles discussed the corresponding severity of these faults. Here, the thermodynamic theory is utilised to evaluate the fault severity based on the energy associated with each FT. Therefore, energy weighted DGA is proposed, where the individual gas concentration is multiplied by a relative factor that relates to the enthalpy change of reaction. A fuzzy logic system is built based on the IEC code rules, the transformer condition code that is reported in IEEE Standard C57.104-2008, and the thermodynamic theory. For enhancing the network fault diagnosis of the power transformers all over the distribution network, the proposed fuzzy logic approach is employed for its integration in accordance with the distributed agents of the distribution substations. This smart system facilitates evaluating decisions of the distributed agents as well as providing a higher decision level if needed. That is achieved by sending the important information about transformers attained by the proposed fuzzy approach such as the FT, its severity, the total dissolved combustion gases condition, the recommended action, in addition to the period of incoming action to the primary substation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]