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SCADA systems are used in industries to perform control and monitoring of industrial processes in real-time. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), and the Industrial IoT (IIoT) in particular, has brought new disruptive technology that has the potential to drive the industrial digitization agenda well beyond the capabilities demonstrated by conventional SCADA systems. Industries, particularly manufacturing industries and utilities keep thriving to be competitive and the adoption of new technologies in the form of IIoT is set to improve efficiency and productivity through enhanced real-time data analytics and production availability. This paper examines the opportunities and challenges presented by integrating IIoT into existing SCADA systems. Potential solutions to the challenges are presented together with future research outlooks that have a bearing on the SCADA/IIoT integration efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), the Internet of Things (IoT) is integrated with medical devices, enabling improved patient comfort, cost-effective medical solutions, quick hospital treatments, and even more personalized healthcare. The paper first provides the introduction of IoMTs and then introduces an architecture of IoMTs. Later, it provides the current operations of the healthcare system and discusses the mapping of these operations into the architectural diagram. Further, several emerging technologies such as Physically Unclonable Functions (PUF), Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) are envisioned as important technologies to overcome several challenges in e-healthcare such as security, privacy, accuracy, and performance. Finally, we provide three case studies for IoMT based on – (1) PUF-based Authentication, (2) AI-enabled SDN Assisted e-healthcare, and (3) Blockchain Assisted Patient Centric System. The solutions presented in this paper may have a huge impact on the speed at which IoMT infrastructure can efficiently evolve with market evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent days, cryptographic algorithm hardware is the need of IoT devices. However, limited resources demand an efficient approach towards designing the said cryptographic algorithm hardware. This paper introduces the PUF (Physical Unclonable Function) based approach to design the key generator used in cryptographic algorithm hardware to minimize the area and power consumption. A customizable key generation unit has been introduced in the form of a Standard Synchronization Unit (SSU) to match the desired key size requirements. The results were generated with PUF based designs from literature and compared with the proposed PDL (Programmable Delay Logic) PUF. All parameters considered, a proposed PDL PUF key generator is an efficient option that can be integrated with an Advanced Encryption System (AES) as the key generator. The modified AES design result was compared with the literature's results on the Xilinx Virtex XC7VX690T platform. The modified AES is an efficient solution with 12.10% less area consumption and a 44.51% increase in throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the Sine Cosine Algorithm, a recent meta-heuristic method, to enhance the radiation properties of concentric elliptical antenna arrays in far-field applications, such as smart grid wireless communication and the Internet of Things. It focuses on minimizing the Sidelobe Level, a key parameter in antenna radiation, to mitigate unwanted signals and interference. The proposed method, known for its global optimization effectiveness, tackles the challenge of designing sparse multiple concentric elliptical arrays. By using the Sine Cosine Algorithm, the inter-element spacing and optimal determination of amplitude coefficients are achieved, resulting in a radiation pattern with reduced sidelobe level. To showcase the adaptability and superior performance of our proposed algorithm, we systematically evaluated its effectiveness across four distinct sets of concentric elliptical antenna arrays. These arrays comprise varying numbers of elements: (6, 12, 18 elements, 6, 12, 18, 24 elements, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 elements and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 elements) with and without a central element. Using the sine cosine algorithm, we synthesize arrays and compare their sidelobe level and First Null Beam Width values with those from recent methods. Our findings consistently shows that the proposed algorithm consistently outperforms alternatives, yielding significantly lower sidelobe level values in all comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) vision enables multiple of resource-constrained embedded devices, objects, and humans to connect together through the Internet protocol for a ubiquitous data exchange. Logistics is considered to be a key player poised from this vision to achieve the full visibility and transparency through leveraging the pervasive interconnectivity to collect reliable and safe real-time data. In addition, the valuable information extracted and transformed from the IoT data can be exploited to create intelligent services and applications to improve the logistics activities as well as the overall performance of logistics operations. This paper aims at reviewing the state-of-the-art applications of IoT in the logistics sector. Although the adoption of IoT potentially gains huge benefits, there still exist barriers preventing the full adoption of IoT in the logistics. This paper also discusses such challenges that promise to expose a wide range of open research regarding the integration of IoT in the logistics domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of Internet of Things and multimedia technologies, people are paying more attention to the security of images and videos. To further improve the security of video content, a video watermarking algorithm based on the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) compression domain is proposed in this paper. The scheme embeds watermark information in the quantized coefficients, which can solve the cumulative error caused by watermark embedding. Moreover, the all phase biorthogonal transform (APBT), an improved transform, is used to compress the watermark data at the digital watermark preprocessing stage, optimize the watermark embedding scheme, and improve the embedding capacity of video watermarking. Due to the characteristics of HEVC video coding, most HEVC video watermarking schemes based on compression domain cannot resist recompression attack. To solve this problem, on the basis of APBT and singular value decomposition, an anti-HEVC recompression video watermarking algorithm is proposed and can effectively resist the HEVC recompression. Experimental results show that even when the quantization parameter is larger than 40, the extracted watermark still has good image quality. In addition, the algorithm also has a good performance in noise resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) allows all entities such as computing devices, machines, objects, people, etc., to interact with each other through their Internet Protocol (IP) addresses without human intervention. Consequently, IP addresses are being exhausted rapidly. Named-Data Networking (NDN) tends to transit the conventional host-centric network into the data-centric network. However, routing attacks such as Interest Flooding Attack (IFA) is a primary security concern. To date, far too little attention has been paid to classify the IFA detection mechanisms and further identify the key points to design an efficient detection technique. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art IFA detection mechanisms and analysed the algorithms used. In this paper, we summarize the different types of possible attack models with a specific name with a description in NDN, specifically the PIT-oriented routing attack. Besides, we classified these mechanisms into nine categories with its topology used, analogy metrics and attack focus. Finally, we have highlighted and provide recommendations in some critical pieces of architecture in detection mechanism design as future challenges to secure the IoT data from IFA in NDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last couple of years, massive growth has been seen in the Internet of Things (IoT). It is being adopted by all the application areas worldwide and playing a vital role in making smart environments. In IoT based paradigms, millions of sensors and intelligent devices are linked with each other and produce a massive volume of data. For data computation and analysis, we need computing resources that will able to provide the services at the edge levels. These computing resources may also be capable of dealing with bandwidth, storage, and latency related issues. The computing technologies in IoT may offer the services at the end-user levels, which will increase the system's overall performance with higher throughput in real-time. The developing rate of IoT based smart devices or sensors needs mobility with extensive geographical distribution, which is only possible by computing technologies. In this paper, we have discussed the emerging opportunities of Cloud, Fog, and Mist computing in IoT paradigms and also described the layer-wise architecture of these computing technologies. Apart from this, various characteristics and significance toward the problem-solving in the IoT paradigm have also been deeply discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we categorize and summarize recent advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) to complement existing IoT survey papers that have not covered its very latest developments. We do this from the three perspectives: information fusion in the IoT, service-oriented IoT, and cloud-centric IoT. These three aspects are largely missing in current literature. This survey contributes to better understanding of the challenges posed by the existing IoT and its likely future developments. The IoT is in the early stages of development. Challenges for future development include network scalability, a continuously produced data stream, and methods for handling heterogeneous data. This review provides insight regarding the three aforementioned aspects. In addition, we briefly summarize the existing literature with explicit references to the corresponding survey papers, thus, providing a panoramic view of the IoT without repeating what is already available in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of information and communication technology and proliferation of smart devices, an enormous amount of contents is being added to the Internet every minute. Efficient routing procedures have a crucial role to navigate through all contents with minimal overhead. Named Data Networking (NDN) is the new paradigm to meet up the new requirements and challenges of current Internet. However, NDN routing is mainly based on controlled Interest flooding which depends on the hop-count field in NDN Interest packet. Current hop-count update procedure reduces the hop count by a single hop at each routing node. Subsequently, flooding arises question on the ability of NDN to manage the data explosion. Second, a redundant copy of specific contents may increase the possibility of congestion. In this paper, we propose two schemes to alleviate flooding and congestion. First, we describe a novel hop-count update procedure using a history database called Info-Base. Next, we propose an extension to Link State Routing for NDN to avoid congestion caused by the redundant copy of data in the network. Our simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce flooding up to 30% while maintaining proper hit ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a continuously growing concept with the advancements of ubiquitous computing, wireless sensor networks, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. IoT connects heterogeneous physical devices and enables communication among them over the Internet via uniquely addressable identifiers. This paper delivers an overview of IoT in the context of the architecture and related technologies. However, IoT does not adhere to a universal architecture. Hence, it describes widely accepted architectural designs, further elaborated with the corresponding communication protocols and standards. Moreover, highly prevalent protocols and standards are summarized, so that the reader can gain an overall view of IoT. Furthermore, it describes some identified solutions and future directions towards overcoming the challenges present in the IoT paradigm. Finally, the paper concludes with some applications of IoT, in order to realize the feasibility of IoT concept in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a popular low power wireless technology, used for short-range communication. In BLE networks, discovery process enables fast and energy-efficient communication, since all communications must involve it at the first step. For this reason, some studies have proposed novel discovery schemes to improve the performance of device discovery process. Nevertheless, literature report that provides a consolidated view are limited and insufficient. In this paper, we survey different device discovery schemes in BLE networks and discuss their advantages and limitations. The enhanced schemes are categorized into two approaches: parameter adjustment and collision avoidance approach. The first approach improves the performance by adjusting the discovery parameters according to a network situation. In the second approach, the BLE devices try to avoid the interference to reduce collisions in crowded networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) is getting bigger as communication infrastructure and device capabilities are getting improved day-by-day, creating a huge market for IoT devices for commercial as well as personal usage. This paper sheds light on the compromises done by vendors on the grounds of security, resources and flexibility to lure customers with low prices, smaller and fancier designs of IoT device and its consequences. Most of the IoT devices are resource-constrained and hence standardization bodies such as IEEE and IETF gave many protocols for IoT devices which are defined over IoT protocol stack. The degree of security in each layer of IoT protocol stack is discussed and it is found that NFC protocol which operates on physical-data link layer and 6LoWPAN, a network layer protocol, lack proper key management while encrypting the data. A most important part of key management in cryptographic algorithms is key generation and storage (if needed). Different types and methods of key generation techniques are also discussed which might give a solution over a variety of situations combining the level of security requirement and resources available in strengthening the abovementioned communication protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous computing, communication, and collaboration among devices have their importance to transform the digital world. Emerging technology device-to-device (D2D) communication has a great impetus to facilitate peer-to-peer network. Therefore, D2D communication technology is expected to be an essential part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Rapid growth in quality of service demand leads to fundamental changes in the architecture of IoT system. This paper explains the benefits and challenges for intelligent D2D communication that will be required to accomplish the requirements for IoT. Many industries and standardization bodies have shown enormous interest towards the implementation of D2D approach in wireless networks. D2D approach facilitates to work without the essential control of the centralized supervision which makes wireless networks more spectrum and energy efficient with traffic offloading. Inter-networking devices offer various applications towards the development of IoT. Physical constraints of the devices and resource constraints of the networks give rise to several issues which need to be resolved. Here, we review the current status in the advancement of D2D technology subject to resources utilization, routing techniques, and interference management. Moreover, potential future challenges are explored that may be faced by the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) can connect billions of devices and services at anytime, anyplace with diverse applications. Heterogeneous network provides Always Best Connected network between the various technologies. We consider a hybrid network among recent Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technologies to provide the IoT applications. Bluetooth low energy (BLE) works with the minimum amount of power and data rate, sufficient to handle the IoT applications. Wi-Fi Alliance also developed the IEEE 802.11ah which is specifically designed for IoT applications. In this paper, we performed heterogeneous wireless network scenario between the advanced IEEE 802.15.1 (BLE) and IEEE 802.11ah (HaLow) based on Receive Signal Strength as threshold parameter for vertical handover. The simulation results show the Bluetooth versions of Basic Rate, BLE, and Wi-Fi (HaLow) network with the data rate increment after the handover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is a major aspect of life and determines the quality of life. In addition, healthy citizens are more productive and directly influence a country's economy. Thus, for citizens to not get deprived of primary care, it is important to have a proper health monitoring system. For creating such health monitoring system, making use of Internet of Things (IoT) can be the best solution. Fog computing services can be provided to IoT by creating local servers and making use of some computers. Various wireless connectivity solutions being developed have finally given IoT the ability to communicate with each other easily. One such connectivity solution is the Long Range (LoRa) radio which lets IoT communicate over long range with low energy consumption. In this paper, an architecture for smart health monitoring system is proposed and is implemented by creating a basic testbed. The system is an application of IoT deploying LoRa wireless communication under fog computing, benefitting the system with both the qualities of LoRa and fog computing. The test results show that the proposed system can be promising for changing the clinic-centric health system to smart patient-centric health system and for providing seamless health services to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency is one of the most distinguished area on which several research groups and organizations across the globe are progressively working. This paper focuses on various technologies for truncating energy consumption in wireless communication. This incorporates new network architecture, network resource management, and supreme physical layer methods. Network architecture embraces multi-hop mobile networks, distributed antennas, diverse networks, etc. Furthermore, network resource management schemes comprise cross-layer optimization, multiple radio access technologies, and the dynamic power saving. The supreme physical layer methods encompass cognitive radio, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), concerted communications, network coding, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), etc. We render an exhaustive survey of such techniques proposed by several organizations across the globe. We also discussed energy efficiency prospect in future wireless communication systems like 5G, mobile cloud computing, Internet of things (IoT), and big data. Finally, we confer the major challenges and open issues in these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and applications are expected to play a significant role in the next-generation wireless networks. M2M communication features a myriad of devices (machines), generating a massive number of intermittent, small-sized data transmissions. Traditionally, gateways are used to provide wireless connectivity to such a large number of devices. However, with the emerging concept of Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G wireless technology, the number of devices is expected to increase exponentially. This exponential increase in the number of devices raises a significant question in the ability of traditional gateways to provide connectivity and schedule uplink transmissions. In this paper, we propose a novel Grouping and Adaptive Compression (GAC) strategy in the M2M gateways to reduce the number of uplink requests. The gateways first group the machines into different clusters and subsequently explore adaptive compression to reduce the uplink traffic to the base stations (BS). Simulation results on typical M2M communications demonstrate that our proposed GAC algorithm reduces the number of uplink requests and corresponding radio resource requirement by around 60% and 50%, respectively. Moreover, it also increases the existing BS capacity by almost 10 times in terms of M2M devices, thus addressing the key challenge of the exponential increase in M2M deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latest technologies, for example, the Internet of Things (IoT), smart applications, smart grids and machine-to-machine networks, inspired the organization for self-sufficient large-scale wireless sensor networks (IoT-based-WSNs). Many IoT devices are powered by batteries with limited lifetime and deployed in remote areas. Thus in some situation, limited battery restricts the network lifetime. Scheduling is an effective approach for an energy efficient IoT-based-WSNs by categorizing the smart devices into an optimal number of disjoint subsets which completely cover all objects in the monitored area. Scheduling is an effective approach for an energy efficient IoT-based-WSNs by categorizing the smart devices into an optimal number of disjoint subsets which completely cover all objects in the monitored area. Finding the maximum number of such disjoint subsets is non-deterministic polynomial-complete. This paper proposes a hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm with an efficient schedule transformation, termed as HABCA-EST, to solve above problem. The unique feature of HABCA-EST is the rapid growth in the fitness function due to complete utilization of excessive information among the scheduled devices. The swarm and EST operations in HABCA-EST work together to efficiently search an optimal solution in less running time. We consider an application of sensing different objects in the monitored area, termed as target-coverage, to analyse the effectiveness of HABCA-EST. Results show that HABCA-EST takes less number of fitness evaluations (up to 10%) and schedules less number of smart devices (up to 94%) which leads to a reduction (93%) in simulation time as compared to the existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense communication networks have been investigated recently to enable communications of low power wireless devices such as Internet-of-things (IoT) applications in the fifth cellular generation (5G). The wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the principal technologies of IoT as it plays a critical role in numerous industries such as agriculture, healthcare, and environmental applications. Despite the advantages of the WSN, it is yet difficult to be deployed due to the scarcity of the radio spectrum with the increasing popularity of wireless applications. Therefore, merging of two technologies WSN and cognitive radio network (CRN), as cognitive radio wireless sensor network (CR-WSN), became essential for IoT applications. Another major challenge in such systems is the power constrain and delay sensitivity in such numerous wireless devices. Radio-frequency energy harvesting (EH) capability is supposed to merge with such systems in order to efficiently power and enhance the overall system energy. Thus, this paper discusses a CR-WSN model based on EH in a non-ordinary M/M/1 Markovian battery model with the proposal of a frame structure of the wireless node's charging and sensing time. The contribution of the power obtained from harvesting is derived with the proposal of a realistic power required/harvested model in RF EH CRN. Moreover, the power efficiency of the CR-WSN model is calculated and the derivation of the transmission delay is introduced in the same model. Furthermore, combined optimization of the required power, probability of packet loss and the transmission delay is proposed to validate the overall system performance with the recommended system operational parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are significant hardware primitives that use physical variations in the manufacturing process to build unclonable keys. They exploit the process variations (PVs) in transistors across the Integrated Circuits (ICs) that generate a unique signature for each chip for identification and authentication. In this article, a novel Recursive Challenge Feed Arbiter Physical Unclonable Function (RC-FAPUF) is proposed to generate unique, unpredictable, and reliable keys which are independent of the challenges that are generally fed by the user. Subsequently, the uncertainty in the prediction of the key increases while performing the security breach on IoT-enabled access systems like smartcards. The proposed design has a significant advantage in the feed-forward arbitration mechanism to generate reliable keys against PVs. Moreover, the robustness of the keys is measured by reliability is achieved as 99.91% when performed over a temperature that ranges from −40°C to +125°C and 99.23% with ±10% variations in supply voltage. The proposed RC-FAPUF is implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process and the responses regarding PVs are validated through a prediction analysis of 48% with Linear Regression (LR) against security attacks. It is confirmed that a significant improvement over previous works is witnessed with our design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things is becoming a key enabler for a wide range of novel applications. For example, Smart applications in rural environments can help optimizing agricultural resources. Given rural environment characteristics, the low power wide area network solution LoRaWAN is a perfect candidate, providing wide coverage of several kilometres, with low power consumption and robust communication. Nevertheless, rural scenarios introduce varying conditions that may affect during communication. This article characterizes applications and recommend configurations in rural settings and support using LoRaWAN networks, after validation with a network deployment on different areas that cover foreseen applications and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) stands as one of the emerging technologies because of its novel innovations and solutions for countless domains. As one of the enabling components for IoT, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is utilized for various real-world appliances to collect valuable raw sensed data. Here, valuable data from the sensor nodes are suitable to access with the help of a gateway node through the registered user. However, due to the resource constraints of sensor nodes and the exposed nature of the wireless frequency, security has turned out to a considerable task in WSN. Authentication is a primary security facility that can ensure the legitimacy of data access in WSN. There are numerous 2-factor verification protocols in related work based on a smartcard, public-key, and password. However, most of them have trouble reconciling proficiency and security necessities; hence, it is still challenging to implement a 2-factor authentication scheme to satisfy security topographies while preserving suitable proficiency. We designed an enhanced 2-factor verification scheme based on ECC and biometric information in this work. Our proposed scheme accomplishes distinct security features and protocol-designed logic verified with the AVISPA tool. Simulation results demonstrate that the projected scheme is robust, energy-efficient, and well-suited to WSN environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of Industry 4.0 revolution, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) allows digitalizing manufacturing processes and increasing the digital connectivity and automation in the smart factories and industrial systems. The reliability of a system is considered as a key performance indicator that defines how accurately and perfectly the system works. Ensuring reliability in the IIoT systems presents several challenges due to the presence of uncertain and dynamics in the industry environment as well as the complex nature of industrial systems. While there are no standard frameworks proposed and applied for the IIoT systems with multiple reliability levels, the challenges reveal many promising opportunities for the research and practical implementation including advancing technologies and systematic designs such as algorithms, architectures, and devices. However, there are a few works studying the reliability-related aspects of the industrial systems in the existing literature, they lack a framework to conduct the study and examination of reliability of IIoT systems in a holistic manner. In this regard, this article will elucidate and survey several performance-improvement methods and techniques for better reliability and further challenges to be overcome for highly reliable IIoT systems. Finally, by defining several open research issues, we expect to draw more attention for both the academic researchers and practitioners toward designing and developing reliable solutions and frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) enables the connection of physical objects to the internet for exchanging information. Due to the massive number of IoT devices, cellular traffic is increasing exponentially in wireless networks. IoT devices require low latency, high reliability and massive connectivity. Fifth Generation (5G) networks are expected to provide promising solutions to meet these demands and improve the performance of IoT systems. 5G offers low latency, high reliability, and efficient data transmissions for large number of connected IoT devices. IoT systems employ gateways for efficient connectivity of various devices. Gateways have capabilities of integrating various protocols, handling data storage temporarily, analyzing the data, and transmitting that data between edge devices and cloud. IoT devices transmit data in frequent intervals, causing the gateway to be active all the time, leading to the increase in power consumption of the gateways. In this article, we focus on applying Discontinuous Reception (DRX) mechanism to IoT gateways. The proposed DRX at IoT gateways reduces the power consumption and improves the energy efficiency of IoT gateways. Our proposed work improves the energy efficiency of gateways by almost 30% compared to Relay Energy Efficiency (REE) based scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes one of the most popular innovations in the field of information and Communication Technology (ICT), and it connects billions or even trillions of devices. Meanwhile, security and privacy stand as a vital issue in the IoT environment, which generates the need for an efficient authentication protocol. In this context, we proposed a lightweight authentication protocol for cloud-based IoT applications. Further, formal security analysis using Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic and informal security analysis of the proposed scheme are discussed. A comparative study of the proposed protocol and some existing methods is also demonstrated considering computation, communication, and storage cost. Finally, the proposed scheme is verified using a widely accepted AVISPA tool. The comparative study and verification support the efficiency of the proposed protocol for cloud-based IoT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected living − the true vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) - offers improvement in the quality of life while presenting new business avenues. A combined effort by researchers, industries, manufacturers, service providers, and other stakeholders is required to address distinct IoT requirements. This convergence is expected to unleash a new dimension of opportunities that cannot be fully realized with conventional solutions. At the same time, 5G wireless promises a new connected ecosystem with potential technologies, like massive Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO), Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN), Heterogeneous-CRAN (H-CRAN), mmWave, software-defined networking, information (content or data)-centric communication, Multi-RAT, and novel multiplexing. Since emerging 5G network is expected to revolutionize the way of communication, its design and standardization should consider IoT as one of the major guidelines. To this regard, we present technical details of emerging 5G networks inline with pressing IoT requirements, essential for the ultimate shaping of a connected living. We also delineate limitations of legacy networks to provide for peculiarities of IoT requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The next generation mobile networks would transform not only the way people communicate, but also how they access physical entities. The convergence of things into human-centric wireless communication would unleash opportunities for a better quality of life, while offering new business avenues. Conventional solutions cannot fully realize dense, diverse and heterogeneous dimensions expected in unified connectivity of "things" over the "Internet" (IoT). At the same time, emerging 5G wireless networks promise improvement in spectrum availability, ubiquitous connectivity, overall throughput and energy efficiency. However, to encompass the dynamics of human-centric and machine-centric communication, it is important to explore 5G wireless technologies for flexibility and scalability. To this regard, we propose flexible beamforming (FBF) antenna architecture that allows flexibility in terms of data rates, coverage and scalability in an energy-efficient manner. We capture initial lessons from investigations on mmWaves, beamforming, downtilt and small cell deployment strategies. Our simulation experiments, using real 5G testbed parameters, validate performance benefits of the proposed FBF antenna architecture. With around 4 Gbps throughput capacity, FBF promises higher scalability. Moreover, FBF achieves 53% higher energy efficiency than maximum power beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current trend is being extended from the traditional Internet to the small, cheap, and low-power Internet of Things (IoT) in which the objects are being equipped with a device having computation and communication capabilities. As a result, all these objects can be connected to the Internet and have the capability to communicate among each other. This connection infrastructure among the objects would face different types of malicious attacks. Hence securing these objects is a primary goal. There are a lot of security mechanisms available today, but most of them are quite heavy in terms of computation and communication. As the IoT objects have very limited resources and mostly run on battery power, it is difficult to embed intensive computations on these resource-constrained devices. Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol has been standardized to work in cohesion with the CoAP protocol to provide security. But DTLS does not fit well for multicasting, though it is a quite common need for IoT environments. Indeed there are some adaptations for DTLS protocol to function in a multicast environment, but it consumes much communication and computation resources. We propose a mechanism called S-CPABE (Segregated Ciphertext Policy Attribute-Based Encryption) based on CPABE, particularly targeting the multicast needs and tailoring to the IoT framework. The novelty of S-CPABE lies on providing equivalent security as CPABE with reduced resource requirements at the low-power end devices. This mechanism perfectly meets the needs for secure multicast in an IoT environment and consumes much less resources as compared to DTLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement in communication technological innovations results in proliferation of heterogeneous smart devices in the network. The inter-communication of these devices is usually related to their social behaviour and relationships. Furthermore, upcoming 5G network promises to bind all the network technologies like Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Internet of Things (IoT), Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), Smart Grids (SG), Big Data, and Device-to-Device (D2D) communications in a common network. To achieve this unified goal, one promising possibility is to exploit social properties of various smart devices used by these technologies. Exploitation of social aspect can dispense optimized networking while avoiding problems like, network congestion, resource allocations, and the like. It also leads to convergence of upcoming 5G network technologies and human society giving rise to a new paradigm known as “socio-5G network technologies”. The state-of-the-art research on socio-5G network technologies is reviewed with the focus on six important technologies that 5G promises to support in one integrated network: IoV, IoT, MCC, SG, Big Data, and D2D communications. We also discuss the open issues related to combining social aspect with above-mentioned technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]