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SCADA systems are used in industries to perform control and monitoring of industrial processes in real-time. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), and the Industrial IoT (IIoT) in particular, has brought new disruptive technology that has the potential to drive the industrial digitization agenda well beyond the capabilities demonstrated by conventional SCADA systems. Industries, particularly manufacturing industries and utilities keep thriving to be competitive and the adoption of new technologies in the form of IIoT is set to improve efficiency and productivity through enhanced real-time data analytics and production availability. This paper examines the opportunities and challenges presented by integrating IIoT into existing SCADA systems. Potential solutions to the challenges are presented together with future research outlooks that have a bearing on the SCADA/IIoT integration efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent days, cryptographic algorithm hardware is the need of IoT devices. However, limited resources demand an efficient approach towards designing the said cryptographic algorithm hardware. This paper introduces the PUF (Physical Unclonable Function) based approach to design the key generator used in cryptographic algorithm hardware to minimize the area and power consumption. A customizable key generation unit has been introduced in the form of a Standard Synchronization Unit (SSU) to match the desired key size requirements. The results were generated with PUF based designs from literature and compared with the proposed PDL (Programmable Delay Logic) PUF. All parameters considered, a proposed PDL PUF key generator is an efficient option that can be integrated with an Advanced Encryption System (AES) as the key generator. The modified AES design result was compared with the literature's results on the Xilinx Virtex XC7VX690T platform. The modified AES is an efficient solution with 12.10% less area consumption and a 44.51% increase in throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the Sine Cosine Algorithm, a recent meta-heuristic method, to enhance the radiation properties of concentric elliptical antenna arrays in far-field applications, such as smart grid wireless communication and the Internet of Things. It focuses on minimizing the Sidelobe Level, a key parameter in antenna radiation, to mitigate unwanted signals and interference. The proposed method, known for its global optimization effectiveness, tackles the challenge of designing sparse multiple concentric elliptical arrays. By using the Sine Cosine Algorithm, the inter-element spacing and optimal determination of amplitude coefficients are achieved, resulting in a radiation pattern with reduced sidelobe level. To showcase the adaptability and superior performance of our proposed algorithm, we systematically evaluated its effectiveness across four distinct sets of concentric elliptical antenna arrays. These arrays comprise varying numbers of elements: (6, 12, 18 elements, 6, 12, 18, 24 elements, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 elements and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 elements) with and without a central element. Using the sine cosine algorithm, we synthesize arrays and compare their sidelobe level and First Null Beam Width values with those from recent methods. Our findings consistently shows that the proposed algorithm consistently outperforms alternatives, yielding significantly lower sidelobe level values in all comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are significant hardware primitives that use physical variations in the manufacturing process to build unclonable keys. They exploit the process variations (PVs) in transistors across the Integrated Circuits (ICs) that generate a unique signature for each chip for identification and authentication. In this article, a novel Recursive Challenge Feed Arbiter Physical Unclonable Function (RC-FAPUF) is proposed to generate unique, unpredictable, and reliable keys which are independent of the challenges that are generally fed by the user. Subsequently, the uncertainty in the prediction of the key increases while performing the security breach on IoT-enabled access systems like smartcards. The proposed design has a significant advantage in the feed-forward arbitration mechanism to generate reliable keys against PVs. Moreover, the robustness of the keys is measured by reliability is achieved as 99.91% when performed over a temperature that ranges from −40°C to +125°C and 99.23% with ±10% variations in supply voltage. The proposed RC-FAPUF is implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process and the responses regarding PVs are validated through a prediction analysis of 48% with Linear Regression (LR) against security attacks. It is confirmed that a significant improvement over previous works is witnessed with our design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]