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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and abnormal defecation habits, resulting in a severe healthcare burden worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS are multi‐factorially involved, including food antigens, visceral hypersensitivity reactions, and the brain–gut axis. Numerous studies have found that gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal immunity play an important role in the development of IBS in crosstalk with multiple mechanisms. Therefore, based on existing evidence, this paper elaborates that the damage and activation of intestinal mucosal immunity and the disturbance of gut microbiota are closely related to the progression of IBS. Combined with the application prospect, it also provides references for further in‐depth exploration and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin‐41 (IL‐41) is a newly discovered cytokine, named Cometin, Subfatin, meteorin‐like transcription (Metrnl), and so forth. It is widely expressed in animals and can exert its biological roles through autocrine and paracrine forms. It has functions such as anti‐inflammatory, improving body metabolism, regulating immunity, regulating fat metabolism and participates in the process of autoimmune disease or inflammatory injury. It plays an important role in psoriasis, diabetes, Crohn's disease (CD), osteoarthritis, Kawasaki disease (KD), Graves' disease, autoimmune hepatitis, infertility, obesity, sepsis, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. This paper reviews the biological functions of IL‐41, the relationship between IL‐41 and diseases, the effects of IL‐41 in the cytokine network and the possible signalling pathways. In order to explore the same target or the same drug for the treatment of different diseases from the perspective of homotherapy for heteropathy, cytokine strategies based on IL‐41 have been put forward for the precise treatment of immune diseases and inflammatory diseases. It is worth noting that IL‐41 related preparations for lung protection and smoking cessation are interesting research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent gastrointestinal malignancy with high rates of morbidity and mortality; 85% of these tumours are proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)‐microsatellite instability‐low (MSI‐L)/microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC known as ‘cold’ tumours that are resistant to immunosuppressive drugs. Monotherapy with programmed death 1 (PD‐1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) inhibitors is ineffective for treating MSS CRC, making immunotherapy for MSS CRC a bottleneck. Recent studies have found that the multi‐pathway regimens combined with PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors can enhance the efficacy of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 in MSS CRC by increasing the number of CD8+ T cells, upregulating PD‐L1 expression and improving the tumour microenvironment. This paper reviews the research progress of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors in combination with cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) inhibitors, oncolytic virus, intestinal flora, antiangiogenic agents, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and epigenetic drugs for the treatment of pMMR‐MSI‐L/MSS CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic inflammatory disease with a high incidence worldwide. Patients with DM are at a high risk for all types of infections. Type 1 DM is characterised with immune destruction of pancreatic β cells, while type 2 diabetes is characterised with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction, both of which result in disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. This metabolic disorder causes functional defects of immune cells, aberrant production of inflammatory cytokines, dysregulated immune responses, advanced pathophysiological injury of the body, and increased mortality in populations with DM upon infections. Starting with the change of natural immune system in patients with DM, this paper focused on the enhanced severity of infections in DM and the underlying innate immune alterations in preclinical and clinical studies, aiming to better understand the influence of DM on the susceptibility, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes in infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary fibrosis involves various types of immune cells and soluble mediators, including TGF‐β and IL‐35, a recently identified heterodimeric cytokine that belongs to the IL‐12 cytokine family. However, the effect of regulatory IL‐35 may play an important role in fibrotic diseases. The aim of this paper is to explore the immunoregulatory role of IL‐35 in the development of fibrosis in interstitial lung disease (ILD). To gain a better understanding of this issue, the concentrations of IL‐35 and different profibrotic cytokines in fibrotic (F‐ILD) and non‐fibrotic (NF‐ILD) patients by ELISA were compared to that of intracellular IL‐35 and IL‐17 on CD4+ T cells stimulated in the presence of BAL or with different ratios of recombinant IL‐35 (rIL‐35) and TGF‐β (rTGF‐β), which were evaluated by flow cytometry. We observed that BAL concentration of IL‐35 was lower in F patients (p < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with concentrations of TGF‐β (p < 0.001) and IL‐17 (p < 0.001). In supplemented cell cultures, BAL from NF but not F patients enhanced the percentage of IL‐35 + CD4+ T (p < 0.001) cells and decreased the percentage of IL‐17 + CD4+ T cells (p < 0.001). The percentage of IL‐35 + CD4+ T cells correlated positively with BAL concentration of IL‐35 (p = 0.02), but correlated negatively with BAL concentrations of IL‐17 (p = 0.007) and TGF‐β (p = 0.01). After adjusting the concentrations of recombinant cytokines to establish a TGF‐β: IL‐35 ratio of 1:4, an enhanced percentage of IL‐35 + CD4+ T cells (p < 0.001) but a decreased percentage of IL‐17 + CD4+ T cells (p < 0.001) was observed. After adding recombinant IL‐35 to the BAL from F patients until a 1:4 ratio of TGF‐β: IL‐35 was reached, a significantly increased percentage of IL‐35 + CD4+ T cells (p < 0.001) and a decreased percentage of IL‐17 + CD4+ T cells (p = 0.003) was found. These results suggest that IL‐35 may induce an anti‐fibrotic response, regulating the effect of TGF‐β and the inflammatory response on CD4+ T cells. In addition, the TGF‐β: IL‐35 ratio in BAL has been shown to be a potential biomarker to predict the outcome of F patients with ILD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a list of papers on immunology to be published by 'Immunology' journal.

Presents a list of research papers to be published in the forthcoming issues of the journal 'Immunology.'

Presents research papers on immunology to be published by the periodical 'Immunology' in 2003. 'A CR1 polymorphism associated with constitutive erythrocyte CR1 levels affects binding yp C4b but not C3b,' by Daniel Birmingham et al; 'DS-Nh as an experimental model of atopic dermatitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus producing staphylococcal enterotoxin C,' by Tekshi Yoshioka et al.

Presents a list of forthcoming papers on immunology, as of January 2003. Signaling transduction pathway for eotaxin- and interleukin-5 induced eosinophil shape change; Recognition of bovine respiratory syncytial virus proteins by bovine lymphocytes; Prevention of oral tolerance induction by administration of exogenous interleukins.

Lists forthcoming papers slated for publication in the periodical 'Immunology,' compiled as of 2002.

Lists papers lined up for publication in the periodical 'Tumor Immunology' after the October 2002 issue. Titles and authors.

In the past few years, the evolution of immunotherapy has resulted in a shift in cancer treatment models. However, with immunosuppressive effects of the tumour microenvironment continues to limit advances in tumour immunotherapy. The tumour microenvironment induces metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, which results in competition for nutrients between tumour cells and host immunocytes. Metabolic and waste products originating in tumour cells can influence the activation and effector properties of immunocytes in numerous ways and ultimately promote the survival and propagation of tumour cells. In this paper, we discuss metabolic reprogramming in tumour cells and the influence of metabolite by‐products on the immune microenvironment, providing novel insights into tumour immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a list of research papers scheduled to be published in future issues of the journal 'Immunology,' as of September 1, 2003. Article on induction of apoptosis by interleukin-2-activated cytotoxic lymphocytes in squamous cell carcinoma cell line; Research paper on paradoxical effects of interleukin-10 on the maturation of murine myeloid dendritic cells; Paper on selective regulation of CD40 expression in murine dendritic cells by thiol antioxidants.

Introduces a series of papers related to immunology that will be published in the forth coming issues of the journal 'Immunology' as of June 1, 2003. Topic discussed by C. Tenger and X. Zhou; Authors of the paper discussing the effect of rat C-reactive protein on the autologous complement system; Topic discussed in the paper by Ian Downing, Claus Koch and David Kilpatrick.

A list of forthcoming papers related to immunology is presented. These include "Variable influences of iodine on the T-cell recognition of a single thyroglobulin epitope," by Hong Jiang, "Triacylated lipoproteins derived from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activate NF-jB through TLR1 and TLR2," by Takashi Shimizu, and "Disruption of Rxra gene in thymocytes and T lymphocytes modestly alters lymphocyte frequencies, proliferation, survival and Th1/Th2 balance," by Alexander Borowsky and Kevin Kent Lloyd.

A list of forthcoming papers related to immunology is presented. They include "Viral vector vaccines make memory T cells about malaria," by Arturo Reyes-Sandoval, John Harty, and Stephen Todryk, "Murine pregnancy leads to reduced proliferation of maternal thymocytes and decreased thymic emigration," by Allison Zoller, Frederick Schnell, and Gilbert Kersh, and "A role of MAP kinase and Ets-1 in the induction of IL-10 transcription by HIV-1 TaT," by James Li and Allan Lau.

Lists forthcoming research papers on immunology published in the journal "Immunology."

Presents information on articles to be published in the forthcoming issues of the medical journal " Immunology," as of September 2003. Researchers who contributed an article on physical trauma of vaccination acts as a wake up call to dangers in the skin; Topic of the article contributed by researchers like Bettina Drescher, Torsten Witte, Reinhold Schmidt.

Lists articles to be published in the 'Immunology' periodical. Role of antigen presenting cells and interleukin-12 in the priming of antigen specific CD4[sup +] cells by immune stimulating complexes; Cell activation by monosaccharide lipid A analogs utilizing Toll-like receptor 4; Cytokine synthesis.

Summary: Some human antibodies may paradoxically inhibit complement activation on bacteria and enhance pathogen survival in humans. This property was also claimed for IgG antibodies reacting with terminal galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose (Galα3Gal; IgG anti‐αGal), a naturally occurring and abundant antibody in human plasma that targets numerous different pathogens. To reinvestigate these effects, we used IgG anti‐αGal affinity isolated from a pool of normal human IgG and human hypogammaglobulinaemia serum as a complement source. Flow cytometry was performed to examine antibody binding and complement deposition on pig erythrocytes, Escherichia coli O86 and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 9V. Specific nanobodies were used to block the effect of single complement factors and to delineate the complement pathways involved. IgG anti‐αGal was capable of activating the classical complement pathway on all the tested target cells. The degree of activation was exponentially related to the density of bound antibody on E. coli O86 and pig erythrocytes, but more linearly on S. pneumoniae 9V. The alternative pathway of complement amplified complement deposition. Deposited C3 fragments covered the activating IgG anti‐αGal, obstructing its detection and highlighting this as a likely general caveat in studies of antibody density and complement deposition. The inherent capacity for complement activation by the purified carbohydrate reactive IgG anti‐αGal was similar to that of normal human IgG. We propose that the previously reported complement inhibition by IgG anti‐αGal relates to suboptimal assay configurations, in contrast to the complement activating property of the antibodies demonstrated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of forthcoming papers on immunology. Some of the papers include Cross-Linking of Neutrophil CD11b Results in Rapid Cell Surface Expression of Molecules Required for Antigen Presentation and T-Cell Activation," "Various Members of the Toll-Like Receptor Family Contribute to the Innate Immune Response of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes," "Identification and Characterisation of a Functional, Alternatively Spliced TLR7 and Genomic Disruption of TLR8 in Chickens," and "Introduction of Human Papillomavirus Type 16-Specific Immunologic Responses in a Normal and an HPV Infected Populations."

Grass pollen allergens are shown to remain associated with protein material and a yellow pigment during paper chromatography and during dialyses and ultrafiltrations of various types. Dialysable* allergens comprise only a fraction of I per cent of the total activity and the amount of activity extractable by diethylene glycol (DEG) and similar solvents is of the same order. Besides the allergens, the DEG and aqueous extracts contain large amounts of inositol, glucose and fructose, also some yellow pigments and phosphates. Larger amounts of free and combined amino acids are found in the aqueous than in the DEG extracts, but the reverse is true for sucrose. In addition the DEG extracts contain a yellow glucoside different from the dactylen of the aqueous extracts, a glucosan and an arabinose-galactose-pigment complex, only the latter being associated with any activity. The spontaneous release of the crystalline dactylen from originally clear aqueous pollen extracts is found not to be caused by enzymes. The washed crystals are found to be chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous and devoid of allergenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lists forthcoming research articles for the journal 'Immunology'.

The article lists several papers related to immune system that are to be published in the December 2004 issue of the journal "Immunology." Some of the papers are "Phenotypic and Functional Heterogeneity of Porcine Blood Monocytes and Its Relation With Maturation," by Sonia Chamorro, Concepcion Revilla, Belen Alvarez, Fernando Alonso, Angel Ezquerra, Javier Dominguez; "Influence of Pathological Progression on the Balance Between Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Bovine Tuberculosis," Michael Welsh, Rodat Cunningham, David Corbett, R. Martyn Girvin, James McNair, Robin Skuce, David Bryson, John Pollock.

The article presents a list of forthcoming papers related to immunology. Some of the papers include "Inhibitory p41 Isoform of Invariant Chain and Its Potential Target Enzymes Cathepsins L and H in Distinct Populations of Macrophages in Human Lymph Nodes," by V. Zavašnik-Bergant, A. Schweiger, T. Bevec, R. Golouh, V. Turk, J. Kos, and " Echinococcus Multilocularis Proliferation in Mice and Respective Parasite 14-3-3 Gene Expression is Mainly Controlled by an CD4 + T cell Mediated Immune Response," by W. Dei, A. Waidvogel, M. Siles-Lucas, Bruno Gottistein.

The article lists forthcoming papers to be published in "Immunology," including "Dendritic Cells Modulated by Innate Immunity Improve Collagen-Induced Arthritis and Induce Treg in vivo," by Olivier Jaen, Sandrine Rullé, Natacha Bessis, Abokouo Zago, Marie-Christophe Boissier and Geraldine Falgarone; "The T-Cell Pool is Anergized in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Remission," by Moa E. Fransson, Lina S.E. Liljenfeldt, Jan Fagius, Thomas H. Tötterman and Angelica S.I. Loskog; and "The Mannose Receptor Binds Trichuris muris Excretory/Secretory Proteins But is Not Essential for Protective Immunity," by Matthew L. deSchoolmeester, Luisa Martinez-Pomares, Siamon Gordon and Kathryn J. Else.

The article lists forthcoming research papers related to immunology including "Tricks with tetramers: how to get the most from multimeric peptide-MHC," "Small changes in lymphocyte development and activation in mice by tissue-specific alteration of heparan sulphate" and "Alpha1 beta 1 integrin and IL-7 receptor upregulate the expression of RANKL in human T cells and enhance their osteoclastogenic function."

The article lists several forthcoming papers focusing on Immunology issues which includes "Differential Regulation of SOCS-1 Signaling in B and T Lymphocytes by HCV Core Protein," by Zhi Qiang Yao, Deborah Prayther, Christopher Trabue, Zhi Ping Dong, and Jonathan Moorman, "Defective T Cell Function Leading to Reduced Antibody Production in a Kleisin-Beta Mutant Mouse," by Katharine Gosling, Christopher Goodnow, Naresh Verma, and Aude Fahrer, and "The Modulatory Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated B Cells on Differential T Cell Polarization," by Hui Xu, Lip Nyin Liew, I Chun Kuo, Chiung Hui Huang, Denise Li-Meng Goh, and Kaw Yan Chua.

The article lists the forthcoming papers in immunology which includes "Apoptosis-induced inhibition of CD1d-mediated antigen presentation: different roles for caspases and signal transduction pathways," by Randy Brutkiewicz, Masood Khan, Venkataraman Sriram, Gourapura Renukaradhya, Wenjun Du, and Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague, "Dexamethasone transforms LPS-stimulated human blood myeloid dendritic cells (MDC) into MDC that prime IL-10 production in T-cells," by Jaap Kwekkeboom, Brenda Bosma, Herold Metselaar, Nicole Nagtzaam, Roel de Haan, Shanta Mancham, Luc van der Laan, and Ernst Kuipers, and "The immunomodulatory glycan LNFPIII initiates alternative activation of murine macrophages in vivo," by Olga Atochina, Akram Da'dara, Mirjam Walker, and Donald Harn.

The article presents a list of papers to be published in the journal including one on transgenic mice expressing a T cell, one on double-stranded RNA, and another on expression of chemokine or cytokine genes.

The article lists the forthcoming papers related to immunology which includes "Different types of in vitro generated human monocyte derived dendritic cells release exosomes of distinct phenotypes," by Sara Johnson and colleagues, "IL-21 activates human NK cells and modulates their surface receptor expression," by Kresten Skak and fellows, and "A subset of dendritic cells express joining chain (J-chain) protein," by Eva Källberg.

The article lists several papers related to immunology which includes "CD4+ T cell-dependent tumour rejection in an immune-privileged environment requires macrophages," by Dru Dace, Peter Chen, Jerry Niederkorn, "A simple immune system simulation reveals optimal movement and cell density parameters for successful target clearance," by Lindsay Nicholson and David Nicholson.

The article lists forthcoming papers including "Importance of N-linked gycosylation in the functional expression of murine CD1d," "Increased IL-10 production and Th2-skewing in the absence of 5-lipoxygenase," and "Neuropeptides activate human mast cell degranulation and chemokine production."

The article presents a list of forthcoming papers in the publication. These include "Dissection of spontaneous cytotoxicity by human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: MIC on colon cancer triggers NKG2D-mediated lysis through fas ligand," "Myb proteins regulate expression of histone variant H2A.Z during thymocyte development," and "Importance of N-linked gycosylation in the functional expression of murine CD1d1."

A list of forthcoming papers related to immunology which are to be published is presented. They include "Prostaglandin E2 modulates dendric cell function during chlamydial genital infection," by Wei Liu and Kathleen Ann Kelly and "Dissection of spontaneous cytotoxicity by human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: MIC on colon cancer triggers NKG2D-mediated lysis through Fas ligand," by Ellen Ebert and Veronika Groh.

The article lists the forthcoming papers on immunology which includes "Prostaglandin E2 modulates dendritic cell function during chlamydial genital infection," by Wei Liu and Kathleen Ann Kelly, "Role of endogenous 4-1BB in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus," by Dass Vinjay, Jae Choi and "Dissection of spontaneous cytotoxicity by human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: MIC on colon cancer triggers NKG2D-mediated lysis through Fas ligand," by Ellen Ebert, Veronika Groh.

The article presents a list of the forthcoming papers related to immunology. They include "Induction of potent cellular immune response in mice by HCV NS3 protein with dsRNA," by Bo Jin and colleagues, "Live-attenuated influenza viruses as delivery vectors for Chlamydia vaccines," by Qing He and colleagues and "Autoantibodies profile in the experimental model of scleroderma induced by type V human collagen," by Maria Callado and colleagues.

A list of upcoming papers related to immunology is presented. They include "Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70 impairs maturation of dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors, induces IL-10 production and inhibits T-cell proliferation," "Triacylated lipoproteins derived from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activate NF-jB through TLR1 and TLR2," and " Sphingosine kinase inhibitor suppresses dendritic cell migration by regulating chemokine receptor expression and impairing p38 MAPK."

A list of papers and reports related to immunology is presented. They include "Studies on the interactions between C-reactive protein and complement proteins," "BMP2/4 signalling pathway components are expressed in the human thymus and inhibit early T-cell development" and "Marsupial CD1 is not orthologous to the eutherian isoforms and is a pseudogene in the opossum Monodelphis domestica."

A list of upcoming immunological papers to be published in a journal in presented. Among the studies are "CXCR3-Mediated T Cell Chemotaxis Involves Zap-70 and is Regulated by Signaling Through the T Cell Receptor," by Wasim A. Dar and Stuart J. Knechtle, and "Regulation of Human T Cell Homing Receptor Expression in Cutaneous Bacterial Infection," by Peter A. Sieling, Annaliza Legaspi, Thomas H. Rea and Robert L. Modlin.

The article presents a list of the journal's forthcoming papers related to immunology. They include "DNA and its cationic lipid complexes induce CpG motif-dependent activation of murine dendritic cells," "Differential type I interferon activation and susceptibility of dendritic cell populations to porcine arterivirus," and "Isolated lymphoid follicle maturation induces the development of follicular dendritic cells."

The article presents a list of forthcoming research papers related to immunology. They include "DNA and its cationic lipid complexes induce CpG motif-dependent activation of murine dendritic cells," "Mature dendritic cells pulsed with exosomes stimulate efficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and antitumor immunity," and "Involvement of IL-10 in exhaustion of myeloid dendritic cells and rescue by CD40 stimulation."

A list of forthcoming papers to be published in the journal of "Immunology" is presented.

A list of papers related to the field of immunology is presented. These include "Lactoferrin decreases pollen antigen-induced allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma," by Marian Kruzel and Istvan Boldogh, "Enhancement of CD8 T-cell function through modifying surface glycoproteins in young and old mice," by Amir Sadighi Akha and Richard Miller and "Essential role of neutrophils in anti-type II collagen antibody and LPS-induced arthritis," by Daisuke Tanaka and T. Shimozato.

The article presents a list of forthcoming papers related to immunology including "Epicutaneous Immunization Converts Subsequent and Established Antigen-specific Th1- to Th2-type responses," by Jessica Strid, Robin Callard and Stephan Strobel, "Variation and Infectivity Neutralization in Influenza," by Marcel Knossow and John Skehel and "Essential Role of Neutrophils in anti-type II collagen antibody and LPS-induced Arthritis," by Daisuke Tanaka, T. Kagari, H. Doi and T. Shimozato.

A list of forthcoming papers of the journal "Immunology" is presented. Spontaneous Scratching Behaviour in DS-Nh Mice As a Possible Model for Pruritus in Atopic Dermatitis," "Role of BAFF and APRIL in Human B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia," "Anti-idiotype Antibody Induced Cellular Immunity in Mice Transgenic for Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen."

A list of research papers pertinent to immunology which are slated for future publication is presented.

A list of forthcoming research papers on immunology is presented including "Fibrosis in Heart Disease: Understanding the Role of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 in Cardiomyopathy, Valvular Disease and Arhythmia," by Razi Khan and Richard Sheppard, "Evolutionary Conservation of Neuropeptide Expression in the Thymus of Different Species," by Alberto B. Silva and colleagues, "CD45 Negatively Regulates TNF and IL-6 Production in Dendritic Cells," by Peter Beverley and colleagues, "Molecular Characterization of IgD in Mammals: Immunoglobulin Heavy Constant Delta (IGHD) Genes in Dogs, Chimpanzees and Four Old World Monkey Species," by Kenneth A. Rogers and colleagues, "Deciphering CD30 Ligand Biology and its Role in Humoral Immunity," by Mary Kennedy and colleagues.

The article presents a list of forthcoming papers including "Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cytokines and Apoptosis in Tuberculosis Lymphadentis," by Telmina Mustafa, Stanley Mogga, Sayoki Mfinanga, Odd Mørkve and Lisbet Sviland, "Drinking a Lot Is Good for Dendritic Cells," by Christopher Norbury and "Fibrosis in Heart Disease: Understanding the Role of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 in Cardiomyopathy, Valvular Disease and Arythmia," by Razi Khan and Richard Sheppard.

A list of forthcoming papers on immunology, published in the January 2006 issue of the journal "Immunology" is presented.