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Vasculitis is defined as the presence of inflammation in a blood vessel that may occur as a primary process or secondary to an underlying disease. Primary vasculitides are rare in children. These are defined by both the size of vessels involved and the type of inflammatory response. Clinical features consist of multi-organ involvement on a background of constitutional features reflecting the size and location of the blood vessels involved. Whilst some vasculitides are best diagnosed clinically, many forms require sophisticated imaging and other investigations (auto antibodies) to reveal the correct diagnosis. Prompt recognition and treatment is crucial as many of the vasculitides cause significant morbidity or mortality. Treatment options range from symptomatic therapy, immunosuppresive agents, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or biologic agents and are determined by the type of vasculitis, the severity of the inflammation, and the organ systems affected. Early detection and aggressive treatment is crucial for the best outcomes in the most severe forms of childhood vasculitis.

The combination of Congenital Central Hypoventilation with Hirschsprung's disease belongs to the family of diseases now designated as Neurocristopathies. The authors report a polysomnographically documented case and review literature on this disorder.

A 1-year-old child with proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) is presented. The clinical spectrum and associated abnormalities is described and the diagnosis and management of this entity is discussed.