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In this paper we represent a comparison between PID and Proportional resonant controllers for matrix converter used for unbalance load application. The simulation has been done in Matlab Simulink. A linear model transfer function of matrix converter has been taken to be control by Proportional Resonant controller and PID controllers. Various parameters are taken to find out the close loop system stability. First PID controller and then Proportional resonant controller checked for close loop system’s responses. Optimal controller has been suggested on the basis of best performance for reference sinusoidal tracking.

This paper presents the development of a prototype to detect electric theft using PIC18F452. The proposed prototype is robust, adaptable, repairable and easy installable. It monitors the flow of charge from the phase line i.e. supply line, the neutral line and constantly compares them. Moreover, it shows real time flow of charge in the both phase line and the neutral line. It also represents the real time voltage and the power being supplied to the load. It is also fitted with an alarm system that sounds an alarm when there is any electric theft. The prototype was able to adapt to different kinds of attenuating voltages between 200-240 volts. It was tested at different loads and findings were inconsistent with the theoretical ones. What makes this device unique is that it can be fitted anywhere in any electrical system. It can be used as metering device. It can also be used as a smart grid surveillance device when used in collaboration with multiple devices of same or different kind.

The purpose of this article is to give an overview to the current energy crisis of Pakistan. Pakistan is an energy deficient country and the current power crisis of Pakistan is hampering its economic development. This article investigates the main causes that have led to the current power shortage of Pakistan. An overview is given to the major causes such as ineffective power policies, ineffective distribution system and tariff system that have led to the current power shortage in Pakistan. Additionally, the possible measures that can help to address these issues and help Pakistan overcome its power crisis are also being presented.

The aim of this paper is to present the design and analysis of a three level neutral point clamped grid connected inverter using fuel cell as a green energy source. Three different controllers that is a boost dc to dc converter, a power controller and a current controller were being modeled and simulated on matlab. The system was being investigated using a PI controller and a sliding mode controller. Simulation results show that the sliding mode controller shows a superior performance of the active power control and the voltage regulation capability as compared to a simple PI controller under voltage sag conditions.

In this paper, a non-fiducial approach using Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD) algorithm for repeated examination of solitary cable ECG used for individual identification is planned and tested. Multiple samples of ECG wave are extracted considering R-peak as a reference and WPD algorithm is applied for feature extraction. This feature file is fed as an input to a machine learning classifier i.e. random forest in order to classify the individuals. In this work, records from publicly available MIT/BIH arrhythmia dataset have been utilized to evaluate the proposed system. Best result relies on third level of wavelet decomposition using Daubechies wavelet to analyze the signal. Furthermore ranker search method is used in conjunction with relief attribute evaluator for feature selection and random forest classifier is applied by generating 100 trees. It is shown that the method is effective for quantifying the classification of arrhythmia ECG signals with accuracy of 92.62%.

Background/Objectives: To derive a linear mathematical modeling of a quad-copter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Methods/Statistical Analysis: The quad-copter physical system with different inputs and outputs has been represented in a state-space form. State space representation is a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations. "State space" is the space which has state variables as its axes. Vectors are used within state space to show the state of the system. Findings: The six Degrees Of Freedom (6DOF) quad copter state-space model is developed starting from basic Newtonian equations, which is very important to control the quad copter system. The system of quadcopter aerial vehicle is inherently dynamically unstable, which means that this study has found out the state-space modeling. Therefore, this study has enabled the successful modelling of the quadcopter system, which directly contributes to the stable flight of the unmanned aerial vehicle. Application/Improvements: Unmanned aerial reconnaissance, autonomous aerial flight.

Background/Objectives: To shed light on the history of development of hearing aid, along with the various pros and cons of each developed technological solution. Methods/Statistical Analysis: A historical survey has been conducted, which highlights some of the more renowned and widely deployed hearing aids within the market. The different types of hearing losses and the varying degree of assistance provided by the different technological solutions have been discussed. Over the years, the overall accuracy as well as practicality of the hearing aids have improved, ranging from cumbersome and heavy hearing aids in the early 1960-1970s to the portable and wearable ones available in the market at present. Findings: Technological innovation is spearheading massive improvement within the hearing aids. Some of the key features causing these changes include wireless technology, frequency lowering, directional microphones and digital noise reduction algorithms. Although DSP has provided significant changes in the hearing technology, limitations still exist, which require re-search contributions from different fields like clinical audiology, psychoacoustics and signal processing. Application/Improvements: Most of the portable and reliable hearing aid devices are very expensive. Therefore, there is a need to develop affordable pieces of equipment that is able to cater to basic hearing functionalities.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the changes in arteriosclerosis level index of elderly women after 8 weeks of myofascial release massage. Hence, experimental group and control group were set to compare the effects of treatment. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The massage sessions were 3 times a week for 8 weeks counting total of 24 sessions. Myofascial release massage was pushing, rubbing, massaging, shaking, traction. Analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows 18.0 Version. Findings: Among the factors related with arteriosclerosis level index Cardio Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), R-cavi showed significant interaction effect between EG and CG with p

Background/Objectives: Design and development of an optimal control system for a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Methods/Statistical Analysis: The 6DOF quad copter state-space models was used for Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations produced satisfactory results, which have been presented. Findings: A comparison between Low Pass Filter (LPF) and Kalman filter is also shown which shows that LQR is useless in presence of noise hence LQG was employed in such a situation. Application/Improvements: The optimal control system for quadcopter was successfully developed, which can be practically implemented on an actual quadcopter for stable unmanned flight of the aerial vehicle.

Background/Objectives: To construct a Pakistani sign language learning-based gesture recognition system with a reasonable rate of accuracy. Methods/Statistical Analysis: It should be

This paper presents a methodology to design robust predictive controller for the balancing of an inverted pendulum. The inverted pendulum is one of the most difficult control problem in which the pendulum needs to be balanced against the cart, which moves only in two directions to the left or to the right. A new robust controller is designed to balance the pendulum and produces results which are more effective and fast. A Model Predictive Control (MPC) and PID control strategies are applied for controlling the system equations of the inverted pendulum model and are analyzed and compared. The results of controllers implemented in MATLAB shows that both the strategies are able to control the system but robust model predictive control strategy gives better response as compared to conventional PID controller.

Background: This paper will suggest that combined strategy of Lean Construction techniques with Linear Programming as a possible solution to the problem of overruns in construction work. It will seek to examine how a combination of Lean Construction techniques and a base software model of Linear Programming can apply to a construction project at the initial and intermediate planning stage to overcome challenges related to project overruns. Based on a literature review and data collection it will investigate if the combination of Lean Construction techniques and Linear Programming could result in time and cost assurances in a construction project. Objective: To investigate to what extent a combination strategy of Lean Construction principles and Linear Programming could help solve the problem of overruns in time and costs in construction. Analysis: The research work deals with the application of lean construction principles such as Last planner system Just in time etc. at the first part of the project and then the second part introduces formation of linear programming model base on the output of first part. The collective result of the combination is then measured. Expected Findings: Time and Cost overrun can be easily overcome through applying the combination of Lean construction techniques, and linear programming was implemented. Project planning and scheduling can be improved in the early phase of the project, which helps to avoid delays and failure of project occurring at a later stage. Improvement: The combination of both is never used in the construction industry so far, so this project gives initial strategy to do so for small scale construction project first, and after successful implementation, it can be applied to the large scale construction project.

Background/Objectives: Each structure tends to vibrate at particular frequencies, called resonant or natural frequencies. When a structure is excited by dynamic load with frequency coinciding one of its natural frequencies the structure experiences stresses and large displacements. In this paper effective mass participation factor criterion is used to solve the vibration problem in the ship mast. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The effective mass participation factor provides a measure of the energy contained within each resonant mode. Vibration problem originated when one of the antenna at top of mast was replaced by a new antenna with greater mass at same location. The overall mast structure started vibrating because of the resonance of natural frequencies of the mast structure with natural frequencies of rotary equipment. Findings: It caused interruption in sensitivity of equipment installed on the mast structure. Instead of fabricating the new mast structure, some alteration has been carried out on the basis of results obtained from modal analysis. Application/Improvements: The study is very effective to overcome the vibration problems in ship mast.

Background/Objectives: The stability of High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) system is improved by optimization of system's control parameters. The simulation model of HVDC network is designed in Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) and the Proportional Integral (PI) parameters optimization are achieved by using simplex algorithm. Simulation based evaluation of Integral Time Absolute Error-Objective function (ITAE-OF) is implemented in this paper. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Simulation calculation results are iterated to determine the new values of objective function. The model of three parallel HVDC lines connecting Power system of Central-East China is used as a test network. PI control parameters of San-Chang ±500KV HVDC system line are optimized. Findings: Optimized results have been achieved by evaluating ITAE-OF using transient simulation and converged via Simplex algorithm in PSCAD. The performance of system in steady state behavior as well as in fault condition is improved through optimized control parameters as compared to the initial control parameters, which are presented by plotting graphs. Application/Improvements: The derived equation can be further optimized using the hybrid system.

Background/Objectives: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are proving themselves as vital part of technology advancements. A WSN comprises of multiple sensor nodes and a base station as a sink node (i.e., for data communication). We propose a modified algorithm to improve the performance and life time. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Sensor nodes are battery powered and placed over remote locations to analyze data. Therefore, the usage of battery affects the whole network lifetime. Communication methods between nodes and base station are based on various protocols. Among all protocols, clustering protocols are considered the best protocol so far (lifetime and throughput performance). Lifetime and throughput are crucial parameters of a network. Findings: In this paper, the critical parameters of a WSN protocol Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchal (LEACH) are improved using the proposed algorithm. Simulation results of the proposed scheme for the network lifetime and throughput are compared with original LEACH protocol. We achieve better performance as compared to the conventional technique with less computational complexity and better lifetime. Application/Improvements: Further improvement can be achieved if use some hybrid algorithm.

Background/Objectives: Biometric is a tool of measuring and statistically analyzing biological data. Due to advancement in technology, spoofing attacks and credential forgery are becoming very common issues of modern societies. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: Over the last decade, the Electrocardiogram (ECG) is known as an emerging biometric instrument for individual identification and verification as the ECG varies among people because of their diverse anatomy of the heart. At present ECG is a popular research topic in the area of physiological biometrics. The greater part of ECG biometric literature employs fiducially based features, resulting from spikes, crest and temporal marker of ECG signal. Findings: The main focus of this review is to provide scientific analysis and comparison between fiducial and non-fiducial techniques of feature extraction especially in terms of efficiency in large and small datasets. It also provides a key manifestation of future research perspectives in the field of ECG based biometrics. Application/Improvements: The proposed review can be useful in further research in the same area.

Background/Objectives: Grid connected inverters are widely used to integrate renewable sources into the grid. The suitable power quality is required which can be either achieved using active or passive filters. This paper focuses on second order passive filters such as inductor capacitor (LC) and LC inductor (LCL) which can be used to attenuate harmonics for grid connect inverters. Methods/Statistical Analysis: To overcome the resonance of LCL filters passive damping 6-8 or active damping can be used. Active power filters are more expensive because of sensors and control systems additional cost. Passive damping strategies due to simple circuit and low cost are more favored. A LCL filter equipped with series or parallel resistor with a capacitor forms a LCL filter with damped resistor Addition of resistor to filter circuit will cause an increase in power losses. The peak resonance of LCL filter depends upon the value of resistor so select a value of resistor which decline peak resonance of filter. Findings: At resonance frequency they have some issues related to stability. LCL filter can be equipped with damping resistor but there are some power loss and introduction of voltage, current harmonic. Mathematical characteristics of passive filters such as LC, LCL, LCL with series resistor and LCL with parallel resistors are discussed in terms of effectiveness and stability in this paper. Application/Improvements: It is very useful for industrial application and power electronic converter.

Background/Objectives: Cranes are used to carry loads effectively. During movement, often undesired fluctuations of lifted payload occur, which needs to be controlled. Control is the basic requirement for desired operation of crane. Objective is to control the trolley position and swing angle of payload. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The continual flow requires an effective control methodology to achieve a high positioning control of the trolley carrying payload and suppression of swing angle of payload during operation. Optimal control techniques can be used to control these undesired vibrations. These techniques result in some undesired overshoot and undershoot causing the payload to swing prior to system getting stable. However if these techniques are combined with intelligent control techniques then a more stable system can be obtained. Findings: In this paper a hybrid controller called neuro-optimal controller has been used to control the swing angle of lifted payload by controlling the trolley position.The proposed technique of using a hybrid controller has stabilized the system by reducing the overshoot, undershoot and settling time. Application/Improvements: The proposed technique is very useful in many industrial applications. Experimental analysis can further provide the insight and limitations of the proposed techniques.

Background/Objectives: Engineering organizations operating on Make-to-Order projects have a specific work environment where an integration of manufacturing practices with the project management practices is needed for project success. The aim of this research is to analyse the Project Management Practices. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Engineering organizations operating on Make-to-Order projects have a specific work environment where an integration of manufacturing practices with the project management practices is needed for project success. The Project Management practices evaluated are Project Scope Management, Project HR Management, Project Communications Management, Project Stakeholder Management and Project Planning. The effect of these Project Management Practices is analysed on Project Success. Various statistical tools were employed to validate the hypotheses. Findings: The aim of this research is to analyse the Project Management Practices adopted by engineering organizations operating on Make-to-Order projects both for public sector and private sector manufacturing organizations of Pakistan. The proposed results provide realistic analysis and are quite different from previous research works. Using the suggested techniques, the performance of the organization can be improved. The analyses and results point out that Project Success is directly correlated with Project Management Practices in Make-to-Order manufacturing organizations. The Private sector and Public sector organizations primarily implement the Project Management Practices to the same extent and there is no significant difference in the practices being put into practice by them. Application/Improvements: The suggested work is more suitable in small and large scale organization.

In this paper, we have investigated the performance of Iterative Linear Quadratic Regulator (ILQR) on trolley position of 3DOF crane. In ILQR, we select optimum parameters Q and R automatically instead of hit and trial method. Algorithm chooses the parameters Q and R which results in minimum trolley’s settling time of the jib system. A number of simulations have carried out using Matlab/Simulink. The results show that the optimized LQR results reduce settling time of trolley along with smaller overshoot with less rise time.