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The Greek lexicon is known for its significant proportion of words lacking a clear etymology. Previous attempts to explain these words range from the socalled "Pelasgian" hypotheses, which resort to an unattested satem Indo-European language, to Beekes's (2010; 2014) non-Indo-European "Pre-Greek". In this paper, we reconsider this long-disputed question, and adduce Latin and even Proto- Romance data to unveil a centum language which possibly served as the basis for borrowing in both Common Greek and, at a later date, Common Italic. We analyse several dozen difficult Greek and Italic words as borrowings from this newly identified language, for which we provide a set of phonetic laws that model its development from Proto-Indo-European. Important methodological strengths of our proposal include the systematic correspondence between Greek and Italic forms, the semantic plausibility of our etymologies, and their consistency with what is known about Proto-Indo-European word-formation patterns. Moreover, a computer implementation of these phonetic laws ensures its formal consistency and validates the chronological ordering we put forward. This is all the more important since most of our etymologies involve more than one of these phonetic laws, which is an additional confirmation of the plausibility of our proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstructed stop consonants of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) present something of an anomaly from the perspective of linguistic typology. Whereas murmured (breathy-voiced) stops are cross-linguistically rare (indeed, they are non-existent in nine of the ten historic branches of the Indo-European languages), they are more widespread in the lexicon of PIE than their plain-voiced counterparts. In this paper we present statistical evidence to establish that the preponderance of murmured stops in PIE is atypical, and propose a novel explanation for their distribution: namely, that murmur - already present in pre-Proto-Indo- European - was in the process of spreading through the PIE lexicon to the plainvoiced stops especially in initial position. We suggest some possible phonetic mechanisms that may have given rise to the spread of murmur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes occurring in the Celtic word-field designating offspring are scrutinized and arranged into a somewhat revised relative chronology. The study shows, among other things, how the Celtiberian and the Gaulish outcome of the inherited term for 'daughter' may be traced back, together with their Irish cognates, to one and the same Proto-Celtic nom.sing. * dúɣatīr. Moreover, new evidence is adduced in support of the existence of Proto-Celtic * sunus 'son', a case already made by Prósper (Villar & Prósper 2005), Blažek (2011) and Sanz Aragonés et al. (2011). A syntagma * magu-o-s sunus designating the 'servant (or foster-) son' may even account for the coming into being of the new lexeme continued by Old Irish macc, Welsh mab etc. Last but not least, Celtiberian * duater-o-s and * genti-s( t?) o-s are identified as new kinship terms for one's daughter's son and, respectively, an unspecified descendant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights regarding the theatrical lexicon in Latin language. The author states that the theatrical lexicon can be considered as a structured technical lexicon, denominative, and nomenclatural. She says that the use of theatrical lexicon as an actant can offer sequential and classematic relationships which are combined with the plot resulting to an assembly of literature and language. She mentions that the assembly will open several opportunities for the analysis of Latin theatrical plays.

The article focuses on the use of concept of neutralization in meaningful units in linguistics other than the field of phonology. It states that the concept came from phonology and become widely used in the filed of lexicon, grammar, and discourse especially in 20th-century linguistics. It says that Prague School of Linguistics was the one which developed the concept of neutralization as shown by the writings of Nikolaj Trubetzkoy. It argues on the use of neutralization only in particular liguistic phenomenon and existing or new terminologies are better to be used in the concepts the neutralization has denoted in 20th-century linguistics.