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Abstract: Cotton fiber maturity, degree of secondary cell wall thickening relative to the perimeter, is one of the most important fiber quality and processing parameters of cotton. Immature fibers result in low dye uptake, increased fiber breakage, fabric defects, and waste. Because of that, breeders, cotton producers, spinners, and textile manufacturers desire cotton lint that is mature. However, fast and reliable methods to quantify maturity that fit into the current breeding and marketing systems are not available. The reference method to measure fiber maturity is the cross-section method, where 1μm thick fiber cross-sections are evaluated under a microscope. It is time consuming, tedious, and impractical for high volume measurement of fiber maturity. Interest is rising toward rapid routine instruments to measure fiber maturity such as the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) and the cottonscope. The AFIS instrument individualizes and presents individual fibers to electro-optical sensors in order to measure fiber maturity while the cottonscope uses polarized light microscopy and image analysis to measure the maturity of fiber snippets. 104 reference cotton samples were tested with these three methods to assess the potential of these maturity measurements. Both AFIS and cottonscope maturity measurements show good correlations with the reference method. At this stage of our investigations it appears that the cottonscope may be faster than the AFIS and that its dynamic range is similar to that of the reference method. Both AFIS and cottonscope require a very small sample size (500mg for AFIS and 50mg for cottonscope). Therefore, both can be used in various cases where we only have access to a small sample (single boll sample for example). Nevertheless, obtaining a representative sample of the lint to be tested could be challenging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]