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Introduction: Clinical management of non-union of long bone fractures and segmental bone defect is a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The use of autologous bone graft (ABG) is always considered the gold standard treatment. Traditional techniques for harvesting ABG from iliac crest usually involve several complications, particularly at the donor site. The Reamer-Irrigator-Aspirator (RIA) is an intramedullary reaming system that generates a large volume of cancellous bone material in a single-step reaming process; this bone material can be collected and potentially used as an ABG source. Our interest is to compare the complications associated with the standard technique of harvesting from iliac crest with those of the innovative RIA harvesting device., Materials and Methods: A database of 70 patients with long bone non-unions was studied. The patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical harvesting technique used: RIA system ABG (35 patients) and iliac crest ABG (35 patients)., Results: At the 12-month follow-up, pain at the donor site was reported in no patients in the RIA system ABG group and five of 35 patients (14.28%) in the iliac crest ABG group. Local infections at the donor site were found in no patients in the RIA system ABG group compared with five patients (14.28%) in the iliac crest ABG group. There were no fractures in the RIA system ABG group and one case (2.85%) of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) dislocation in the iliac crest ABG group. No systemic infections were detected in either group., Discussion: We analysed the scientific literature on the use of RIA technique to collect ABG for use in patients with anthropic-oligotrophic non-unions, with a focus on the complications associated with this technique., Conclusion: RIA bone graft for the treatment of non-unions and segmental bone defect of long bones seems to be a safe and efficient procedure with low donor site morbidity., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the efficacy of core decompression (CD) technique combined with recombinant morphogenetic proteins, autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and xenograft bone substitute into the necrotic lesion of the femoral head on clinical symptoms and on the progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head., Patients and Methods: A total of 38 patients (40 hips) with early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head were studied over a 4-year period., Results: CD technique combined with recombinant morphogenetic proteins, autologous MSCs and xenograft bone substitute was associated with a significant reduction in both pain and joint symptoms and reduced the incidence of fractural stages. At 36 months, 33 patients achieved clinical and radiographic healing., Conclusion: This long-term follow-up study confirmed that CD technique combined with recombinant morphogenetic proteins, autologous MSCs and xenograft bone substitute may be an effective treatment for patients with early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determinate the efficacy of "polytherapy", a surgical technique that utilize all the components of the diamond concept (mesenchymal stem cells, bone morphogenetic proteins and scaffold) versus a "monotherapy", a surgical technique that utilize only one component of the diamond conceptin the treatment of severe forearm non-unions., Methods: We studied a database of 52 patients with 52 forearm non-unions; we classified the patients with the NUSS SCORE and we divided the patients in two group according to the treatment received. So we distinguished a group of patients treated according to the principles of "monotherapy" (33 patients) and a group of patients treated according to the principles of "polytherapy" (19 patients). The minimum follow up was 12 months., Results: In the monotherapy group 21/33 non-unions (63.64%) went on to develop a radiographic and clinical healing within a period of 12 months, the calculated DASH SCORE showed a mean value of 55.15 points. In the polytherapy group 17/19 (89.47%) nonunions went on to develop clinical and radiographic healing within 12 months, and the average DASH score showed a mean value of 45.47 points., Conclusion: The polytherapy technique with the use of recombinant morphogenetic proteins, autologous MSCs and scaffold in the same surgical time appears to be an effective treatment for patients with severe forearm non-unions., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Fractures of the humerus in patients with total shoulder replacement are rare and difficult to treat. The treatment of periprosthetic humeral fractures depends on the location of the fracture in relation to the humeral stem and the stability of the stem/bone interface. We wished to determine the treatment outcomes in a series of patients managed in our institution with periprosthetic humeral fractures. We also carried out a review of the literature. Over a 5 year period, out of 10 patients, 7 were available at the final follow up with a mean age of 72 years (range 68-75). A fall from standing height was the most common mechanism of injury. All patients were found to have stable prosthesis in situ and were treated with angular stable plates and cerclage wiring. The mean time from the total shoulder replacement to injury (fracture) was 11.2 months (range 8-21). All fractures united without complications at a mean time of 5.1 months (range 4-6). The literature review revealed a limited number of publications reporting on the management of approximately 40 patients. The outcome noted in these patients is also presented., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)