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Interaction of three free-base meso-tris(p-X-phenyl)corroles H3[TpXPC] (X = H, CH3, OCH3) with Re2(CO)10 at 235 C in the presence of K2CO3 in o-dichlorobenzene has led to putative rhenium biscorrole sandwich compounds with the formula ReH[TpXPC]2. DFT calculations and Re L3 EXAFS measurements suggest a seven-coordinate metal center, with the extra hydrogen located on one of the corrole nitrogens. The complexes can be deprotonated by a base such as DBU, resulting in substantial sharpening of UV-visible spectra and split Soret bands, consistent with the generation of C2-symmetric anions. Both the seven-coordinate neutral and the eight-coordinate anionic forms of the complexes represent a new coordination motif in the field of Re-porphyrinoid interactions.

Reduction of [Fe(TPC)(THF)] (TPC = trianion of 5,10,15-triphenylcorrole) with KC8 generates the iron(II) corrole anion, K(THF)2[FeII(TPC)] (3a). Compound 3a represents the first example of an isola...

We present here a relativistic density functional theory investigation of the penta- and heptavalent states of gold and roentgenium, employing the ZORA (zeroth order regular approximation to the Dirac equation) Hamiltonian, including spin-orbit coupling at the two-component level, and large all-electron relativistic Slater-type quadruple-ζ quadruple polarization (ZORA-STO-QZ4P) basis sets. Unsurprisingly, our calculations confirm the stability of the experimentally known complexes AuF

Three cobalt dipyrrin-bisphenol (DPPCo) complexes with different meso-aryl groups (pentafluorophenyl, phenyl, and mesityl) were synthesized and characterized based on their electrochemistry and spectroscopic properties in nonaqueous media. Each DPPCo undergoes multiple oxidations and reductions with the potentials, reversibility, and number of processes depending on the specific solution conditions, the specific macrocyclic substituents, and the type and number of axially coordinated ligands on the central cobalt ion. Theoretical calculations of the compounds with different coordination numbers are given in the current study in order to elucidate the cobalt-ion oxidation state and the innocence or noninnocence of the macrocyclic ligand as a function of the changes in the solvent properties and degree of axial coordination. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the compounds are obtained to experimentally assess the electron spin state. An X-ray structure of the six-coordinate complex is also presented. The investigated chemical properties of DPPCo compounds under different solution conditions are compared to those of cobalt corroles, where the macrocycle and metal ion also possess formal 3- and 3+ oxidation states in their air-stable forms.

Four new ferrocenylsubphthalocyanines Y-BSubPc, with ferrocenylcarboxylic acid YH = Fc-CH2–CH2–COOH (1) or Fc-CH═CH–COOH (2) in the axial Y position, were synthesized with a 40% yield. The axial fe...

© 2017 American Chemical Society. A reinvestigation of cobalt-corrole-triphenylphosphine complexes has yielded an unexpectedly subtle picture of their electronic structures. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, skeletal bond length alternations observed in X-ray structures, and broken-symmetry DFT (B3LYP) calculations suggest partial CoII-corrole•2-character for these complexes. The same probes applied to the analogous rhodium corroles evince no evidence of a noninnocent corrole. X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies showed that the Co K rising edge of Co[TPC](PPh3) (TPC = triphenylcorrole) is red-shifted by ∼1.8 eV relative to the bona fide Co(III) complexes Co[TPC](py)2and Co[TPP](py)Cl (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin, py = pyridine), consistent with a partial CoII-corrole•2-description for Co[TPC](PPh3). Electrochemical measurements have shown that both the Co and Rh complexes undergo two reversible oxidations and one to two irreversible reductions. In particular, the first reduction of the Rh corroles occurs at significantly more negative potentials than that of the Co corroles, reflecting significantly higher stability of the Rh(III) state relative to Co(III). Together, the results presented herein suggest that cobalt-corrole-triphenylphosphine complexes are significantly noninnocent with moderate CoII-corrole•2-character, underscoring - yet again - the ubiquity of ligand noninnocence among first-row transition metal corroles.

Publisher's statement (option C): https://pubs.acs.org/page/4authors/authorchoice/options.html A careful density functional theory reexamination of the geometric and electronic structures of reduced main-group porphyrin complexes E(Por)L2 (E = Si or Ge; L = pyridine or tetrahydrofuran), B2(Por), and C2(Por) has confirmed these as pure isophlorin derivatives with normal-valent coordinated central atoms. Only axially unligated Ge(Por) and the dications [B2(Por)]2+ and [C2(Por)]2+ feature aromatic porphyrin ligands. The calculations faithfully reproduce the strong bond-length alternation along the outer rim of the macrocycle in the reduced complexes, consistent with antiaromatic character, as well as much stronger ruffling in the reduced group 14 complexes relative to their nonreduced counterparts such as E(Por)X2 (E = Si or Ge; X = F or Cl). The latter is thought to reflect the lower barrier to nonplanar deformation for the antiaromatic systems. In addition, unlike B2(Por) and its dication, which are planar, C2(Por) and its dication are predicted to be strongly ruffled, reflecting the smaller size of the central C2 unit. The calculations also predict characteristically low ionization potentials and singlet–triplet gaps for the antiaromatic complexes. A brief exploratory study of the as-yet-unknown group 15 complexes E(TPP)(Ph)(py), where E = P and As, also indicated an antiaromatic isophlorin macrocycle coordinated to a pentavalent group 15 center.

Presented herein is a first DFT survey of metallocorrole (M = Mn, Fe, Co) adducts of CO, NO, NO(-), and HNO. Bound states with relatively short M-N(O) distances1.9 Å are predicted for both [M(Cor)(NO)](-) and [M(Cor)(HNO)] derivatives for all three metals. The calculations also confirm the existence of moderately stable charge-neutral CoCO corrole adducts.

The great majority of {NiNO}(10) complexes are characterized by short Ni-N(O) distances of 1.60-1.65 Å and linear NO units. Against this backdrop, the {CuNO}(10) unit in the recently reported [Cu(CH3NO2)5(NO)](2+) cation (1) has a CuNO angle of about 120° and a very long 1.96 Å Cu-N(O) bond. According to DFT calculations, metal-NO bonding in 1 consists of a single Cu(dz(2))-NO(π*) σ-interaction and essentially no metal(dπ)-NO(π*) π-bonding, which explains both the bent CuNO geometry and the long, weak Cu-N(O) bond. This σ-interaction is strongly favored by a ligand trans to the NO; indeed such a trans ligand may be critical for the existence and stability of a {CuNO}(10) unit. By contrast, {NiNO}(10) complexes exhibit a strong avoidance of such trans ligands. Thus, a five-coordinate {NiNO}(10) complex appears to favor a trigonal-bipyramidal structure with the NO in an equatorial position, as in the case of [Ni(bipy)2(NO)](+) (6). An unusual set of Ni(d)-NO(π*) orbital interactions accounts for the strongly bent NiNO geometry for this complex.

The first example of a diboryl corrole complex, [(BF2)2(Br8T(4-F-P)C)](-) (Br8T(4-F-P)C = trianion of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15-tris(4-fluorophenyl)corrole), has been isolated using the strongly electron-withdrawing and sterically crowded triaryl octabromocorrole ligand. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the hydrolysis reaction producing the partially hydrolyzed complexes [B2OF2(Cor)](-) is more favored for the less sterically crowded triaryl corrole complexes. Monoboryl complexes BF2(H2Cor) (Cor = trianions of 5,10,15-triphenylcorrole (TPC), 5,10,15-tris(4-methylphenyl)corrole (T(4-CH3-P)C), 5,10,15-tris(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)corrole (T(4-CF3-P)C), and 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (TPFPC)) were prepared and characterized. The experimental data are consistent with an out-of-plane dipyrrin coordination mode for these complexes, and DFT optimizations suggest that internal BF···HN hydrogen bonding may be significant in stabilizing these complexes. Further examples of the anionic diboron corrole [B2OF2(Cor)](-) containing the electron-withdrawing 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (TPFPC) and the sterically hindered 10-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,15-dimesitylcorrole (Mes2(4-MeOP)C) trianions are reported.

Using density functional theory (OLYP/STO-TZP) calculations, we have investigated the electronic structure of [Mn(5,5-tropocoronand)(NO)], a rare paramagnetic {MNO}(6) complex. Experimental methods, including magnetic susceptibility measurements and high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, have not provided an unambiguous spin state assignment for this complex. In other respects, however, the compound was fully characterized, including by means of single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The optimized S = 1 OLYP geometry reproduced all key aspects of the trigonal-bipyramidal molecular structure, including a short Mn-N(O) distance (approximately 1.7 A) and an essentially linear MnNO angle. In contrast, the S = 0 and S = 2 optimized structures disagreed with the crystal structure in critical respects. Moreover, three different exchange-correlation functionals (OLYP, B3LYP, and B3LYP*) indicated an S = 1 ground state by a clear margin of energy. An examination of the Kohn-Sham MOs of this state indicated a primarily d(xz)(2)d(yz)(2)d(xy)(1)d(x(2)-z(2))(1) electronic configuration, where the z axis is identified with the nearly linear MnNO axis. The d(y(2)) orbital is formally unoccupied in this state, interacting, as it does, head-on with two tropocoronand nitrogens lying along the y axis, the pseudo-3-fold axis of the trigonal bipyramid. The doubly occupied d(xz) and d(yz) orbitals are in actuality d(pi)(Fe)-pi*(NO)-based pi-bonding molecular orbitals, the alpha and beta "components" of which are significantly offset spatially. This offset results in excess minority spin density on the NO unit. Thus, the OLYP/TZP atomic spin populations are Mn, 2.85; N(O), -0.52; and O, -0.35.

A density functional theory (DFT) study of {CoNO}(8) cobalt nitrosyl complexes containing the [n,n]tropocoronand ligand (TC-n,n) has revealed a sharp reduction of singlet-triplet gaps as the structures change from near-square-pyramidal (for n = 3) to trigonal-bipyramidal with an equatorial NO (for n = 5, 6). An experimental reinvestigation of [Co(TC-3,3)(NO)] has confirmed that it is not paramagnetic, as originally reported, but diamagnetic, like all other {CoNO}(8) complexes. Furthermore, DFT calculations indicate a substantial singlet-triplet gap of about half an eV or higher for this complex. At the other end of the series, low-energy, thermally accessible triplet states are predicted for [Co(TC-6,6)(NO)]. Enhanced triplet-state reactivity may well provide a partial explanation for the failure to isolate this compound as a stable species.

Nonperipherally hexyl-substituted metal-free tetrabenzoporphyrin (2H-TBP, 1a) tetrabenzomonoazaporphyrin (2H-TBMAP, 2a), tetrabenzo-cis-diazaporphyrin (2H-TBDAP, 3a), tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin (2H-TBTAP, 4a), and phthalocyanine (2H-Pc, 5a), as well as their copper complexes (1b-5b), were synthesized. As the number of meso nitrogen atoms increases from zero to four, Îmax of the Q-band absorption peak becomes red-shifted by almost 100 nm, and extinction coefficients increased at least threefold. Simultaneously the blue-shifted Soret (UV) band substantially decreased in intensity. These changes were related to the relative electron-density of each macrocycle expressed as the group electronegativity sum of all meso N and CH atom groups, âχR. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy differentiated between the three different types of macrocyclic nitrogen atoms (the Ninner, (NH)inner, and Nmeso) in the metal-free complexes. Binding energies of the Nmeso and Ninner,Cu atoms in copper chelates could not be resolved. Copper insertion lowered especially the cathodic redox potentials, while all four observed redox processes occurred at larger potentials as the number of meso nitrogens increased. Computational chemical methods using density functional theory confirmed 1b to exhibit a Cu(II) reduction prior to ring-based reductions, while for 2b, Cu(II) reduction is the first reductive step only if the nonperipheral substituents are hydrogen. When they are methyl groups, it is the second reduction process; when they are ethyl, propyl, or hexyl, it becomes the third reductive process. Spectro-electrochemical measurements showed redox processes were associated with a substantial change in intensity of at least two main absorbances (the Q and Soret bands) in the UV spectra of these compounds.

Density functional theory (in the form of the PW91, BP86, OLYP, and B3LYP exchange-correlation functionals) has been used to map out the low-energy states of a series of eight-coordinate square-antiprismatic (D2d) first-row transition metal complexes, involving Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II), along with a pair of tetradentate N4 ligands. Of the five complexes, the Mn(II) and Fe(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized structurally and spectroscopically, whereas the other three are as yet unknown. Each N4 ligand consists of a pair of terminal imidazole units linked by an o-phenylenediimine unit. The imidazole units are the strongest ligands in these complexes and dictate the spatial disposition of the metal three-dimensional orbitals. Thus, the dx(2)-y(2) orbital, whose lobes point directly at the coordinating imidazole nitrogens, has the highest orbital energy among the five d orbitals, whereas the dxy orbital has the lowest orbital energy. In general, the following orbital ordering (in order of increasing orbital energy) was found to be operative: dxy < dxz = dyz ≤ dz(2) < dx(2)-y(2). The square-antiprism geometry does not lead to large energy gaps between the d orbitals, which leads to an S = 2 ground state for the Fe(II) complex. Nevertheless, the dxy orbital has significantly lower energy relative to that of the dxz and dyz orbitals. Accordingly, the ground state of the Fe(II) complex corresponds unambiguously to a dxy(2)dxz(1)dyz(1)dz(2)(1)dx(2)-y(2)(1) electronic configuration. Unsurprisingly, the Mn(II) complex has an S = 5/2 ground state and no low-energy d-d excited states within 1.0 eV of the ground state. The Co(II) complex, on the other hand, has both a low-lying S = 1/2 state and multiple low-energy S = 3/2 states. Very long metal-nitrogen bonds are predicted for the Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes; these bonds may be too fragile to survive in solution or in the solid state, and the complexes may therefore not be isolable. Overall, the different exchange-correlation functionals provided a qualitatively consistent and plausible picture of the low-energy d-d excited states of the complexes.

We have carried out a density functional theory study of the S = ½ {FeNO} 7 tropocoronand complex, Fe(5,5-TC)NO, as well as of some simplified models of this compound. The calculations accurately reproduce the experimentally observed trigonal-bipyramidal geometry of this complex, featuring a linear NO in an equatorial position and a very short Fe-N N O distance. Despite these unique structural features, the qualitative features of the bonding turn out to be rather similar for Fe(5,5-TC)NO and {FeNO} 7 porphyrins. Thus, there is a close correspondence between the molecular orbitals (MOs) in the two cases. However, there is a critical, if somewhat subtle, difference in the nature of the singly occupied MOs (SOMOs) between the two. For square-pyramidal heme-NO complexes, the SOMO is primarily Fe d z 2 -based, which favors σ-bonding interactions with an NO π* orbital, and hence a bent FeNO unit. However, for trigonal-bipyramidal Fe(5,5-TC)(NO), the SOMO is best described as primarily Fe d x 2 - z 2 in character, with the Fe-N N O vector being identified as the z direction. Apparently, such a d orbital is less adept at a bonding with NO and, as such, π bonding dominates the Fe-NO interaction, leading to an essentially linear FeNO unit and a short Fe-N N O distance.

The chemistry of unusual coordination numbers of transition-metal complexes has been of interest because of their presence in biology and catalytic systems. Herein we describe a systematic and predictable approach toward isolation of stable eight-coordinate (8C) iron(III/II) systems. The 8C (S = 2; high-spin, HS) complex [Fe(L(N4))(2)](BF(4))(2) (1) has been synthesized and characterized, displaying a distorted square-antiprism structure. Complex 1 is a unique 8C iron complex that exhibits remarkable stability in solution under various unfavorable conditions. The E(1/2) value of 1 (0.430 V vs Ag/AgCl, MeCN) supports the Fe(II) oxidation state; however, the corresponding HS (S = 5/2) 8C Fe(III) analogue [Fe(L(N4))(2)](NO(3))(3) (3) has also been synthesized via the chemical oxidation of 1. The structural, spectroscopic, and theoretical descriptions of these 8C iron complexes are reported in this work.

Manganese(V)-oxo corrole and corrolazine have been studied with ab initio multiconfiguration reference methods (CASPT2 and RASPT2) and large atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis sets. The calculations confirm the expected singlet d(δ)(2) ground states for both complexes and rule out excited states within 0.5 eV of the ground states. The lowest excited states are a pair of Mn(V) triplet states with d(δ)(1)d(π)(1) configurations 0.5-0.75 eV above the ground state. Manganese(IV)-oxo macrocycle radical states are much higher in energy, ≥1.0 eV relative to the ground state. The macrocyclic ligands in the ground states of the complexes are thus unambiguously 'innocent'. The approximate similarity of the spin state energetics of the corrole and corrolazine complexes suggests that the latter macrocycle on its own does not afford any special stabilization for the Mn(V)O center. The remarkable stability of an Mn(V)O octaarylcorrolazine thus appears to be ascribable to the steric protection afforded by the β-aryl groups.

A number of third-row transition-metal corroles have remained elusive as synthetic targets until now, notably osmium, platinum, and gold corroles. Against this backdrop, we present a simple and general synthesis of β-unsubstituted gold(III) triarylcorroles and the first X-ray crystal structure of such a complex. Comparison with analogous copper and silver corrole structures, supplemented by extensive scalar-relativistic, dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations, suggests that “inherent saddling” may occur for of all coinage metal corroles. The degree of saddling, however, varies considerably among the three metals, decreasing conspicuously along the series Cu > Ag > Au. The structural differences reflect significant differences in metal–corrole bonding, which are also reflected in the electrochemistry and electronic absorption spectra of the complexes. From Cu to Au, the electronic structure changes from noninnocent metal(II)−corrole(•2−) to relatively innocent metal(III)−corrole(3−).

The great majority of low-spin {FeNO}(7) complexes exhibit FeNO angles of around 140-145°, whereas a small handful are characterized by linear FeNO units. Conspicuously absent are intermediate FeNO angles of 150-170°. Spurred by the recent observation of such an angle in a square-pyramidal {FeNO}(7) complex, we carried out a density functional theory survey of 12 additional, largely hypothetical complexes with porphyrin and corrole analogues as equatorial ligands. Our calculations predict several instances of intermediate FeNO angles. The calculations further indicate a strong, positive correlation (R(2) = 0.9) between the FeNO angle and metal p character in the Fe d(z(2))-based highest occupied molecular orbital.

X-ray structures of Co(III)[(CF(3))(3)Cor](PPh(3)) [(CF(3))(3)Cor = meso-tris(trifluoromethyl)corrolato] and Cu[(CF(3))(4)Por] [(CF(3))(4)Por = meso-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)porphyrinato] revealed planar and highly ruffled macrocycle conformations, respectively, in line with analogous observations for a handful of other meso-perfluoroalkylated porphyrins and corroles reported in the literature. To gain insights into the difference in conformational behavior, we evaluated DFT (BP86-D/TZP) ruffling potentials for a variety of corrole complexes, as well as their porphyrin analogues. The calculations led us to conclude that corrole derivatives, in essence, cannot ruffle.

Middle and late transition metal imido complexes (which may also be viewed as metal-nitrene adducts) are rather rare, especially for square-pyramidal and octahedral coordination geometries. However, an iron(II) porphyrin aminonitrene adduct, denoted here as Fe(Por)(NN), has been known for almost a quarter of a century. Unlike the corresponding S = 1 oxene and S = 0 carbene adducts, Fe(Por)(NN) exhibits an S = 2 ground state. DFT calculations reported herein provide a molecular orbital description of this unusual species as well as a rationale for its S = 2 ground state. The electronic configuration of Fe(Por)(NN) may be described as d(pi)(2)d(xy)(1)d(z(2))(1)d(x(2)-y(2))(1)d(pi')(1), where the z direction corresponds to the Fe-NN axis. The stability and double occupancy of one of the d(pi) orbitals may be attributed to a pi-backbonding interaction with the N-N pi* orbital. The weak sigma-donor ability of the aminonitrene ligand results in a relatively low-energy d(z(2)) orbital and an overall d orbital splitting pattern that engenders a high-spin ground state.

DFT(PW91/TZP) calculations, including full geometry optimizations, have been carried on [FeII(P)(NO2)]-, Fe(III)(P)(NO2), [Fe(II)(P)(NO2)(py)]-, Fe(III)(P)(NO2)(py), [Fe(III)(P)(NO2)2]-, and Fe(III)(P)(NO2)(NO), where P is the unsubstituted porphine dianion, as well as on certain picket fence porphyrin (TPivPP) analogues. The bonding in [Fe(II)(P)(NO2)]- and Fe(III)(P)(NO2), as well as in their pyridine adducts, reveals a sigma-donor interaction of the nitrite HOMO and the Fe dz2 orbital, where the Fe-Nnitro axis is defined as the z direction and the nitrite plane is identified as xz. Both molecules also feature a pi-acceptor interaction of the nitrite LUMO and the Fe dyz orbital, whereas the SOMO of the Fe(III)-nitro complexes may be identified as dxz. The Fe(III)-nitro porphyrins studied all exhibit extremely high adiabatic electron affinities, ranging from about 2.5 eV for Fe(III)(P)(NO2) and Fe(III)(P)(NO2)(py) to about 3.4 eV for their TPivPP analogues. Transition-state optimizations for oxygen-atom transfer from Fe(III)(P)(NO2) and Fe(III)(P)(NO2)(py) to dimethyl sulfide yielded activation energies of 0.45 and 0.77 eV, respectively, which is qualitatively consistent with the observed far greater stability of Fe(III)(TPivPP)(NO2)(py) relative to Fe(III)(TPivPP)(NO2). Addition of NO to yield {FeNO}6 nitro-nitrosyl adducts such as Fe(P)(NO2)(NO) provides another mechanism whereby Fe(III)-nitro porphyrins can relieve their extreme electron affinities. In Fe(P)(NO2)(NO), the bonding involves substantial Fe-NO pi-bonding, but the nitrite acts essentially as a simple sigma-donor, which accounts for the relatively long Fe-Nnitro distance in this molecule.