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The quantification of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine (NO2-Tyr), an in vivo biomarker of nitrosative stress, is indispensable for the clinical intervention of various inflammatory disorders caused by nitrosative stress. By integrating the unique features of BiVO4and MoS2with matching bandgap energies, electrode materials with amplified response signals can be developed. In this regard, we introduce a hydrothermally synthesized bismuth vanadate sheathed molybdenum disulfide (MoS2@BiVO4) heterojunction as a highly sensitive electrode material for the determination of NO2-Tyr. Excellent electrochemical behavior perceived for the MoS2@BiVO4augments the performance of the sensor and allows the measurement of NO2-Tyr in biological media without any time-consuming pretreatments. The synergistic interactions between BiVO4and MoS2heterojunctions contribute to low resistance charge transfer (Rct= 159.13 Ω·cm2), a reduction potential Epc= −0.58 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and a good response range (0.001–526.3 μM) with a lower limit of detection (0.94 nM) toward the detection of NO2-Tyr. An improved active surface area, reduced charge recombination, and high analyte adsorption contribute to the high loading of the biomarker for improved selectivity (in the presence of 10 interfering compounds), operational stability (1000 s), and reproducibility (six various modified electrodes). The proposed sensor was successfully utilized for the real-time determination of NO2-Tyr in water, urine, and saliva samples with good recovery values (±98.94–99.98%), ascertaining the reliability of the method. It is noteworthy that the electrochemical activity remains unaffected by other redox interferons, thus leading to targeted sensing applications.

Physiological storage disorders are caused by ineffective post-harvest handling of horticultural crops, particularly fruits. To address these post-harvest concerns, diphenylamine (DPAH•+) is widely used as a preservative to prevent fruit degradation and surface scald during storage around the world. Humans are negatively affected by the use of high concentrations of DPAH•+because of the various health complications related to its exposure. As a result, accurate detection and quantification of DPAH•+residues in treated fruits are critical. Rare earth metal orthovanadates, which have excellent physical and chemical properties, are potential materials for electrochemical sensors in this area. Herein, we present a simple and direct ultrasonication technique for the surfactant-assisted synthesis of praseodymium orthovanadate (PrVO4or PrV) loaded on nickel iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) synthesized with deep eutectic solvent assistance, as well as its application as an effective catalyst in the detection and degradation of DPAH•+in fruits and water samples. The current work presents supreme electrochemical features of a PrV@NiFe-LDH-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) where cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant-driven fabrication of PrV directs the formation of highly qualified engineered structures and the deep eutectic solvent based green synthesis of NiFe-LDH creates hierarchical lamellar structures following the principles of green chemistry. PrV and NiFe-LDH combine to produce a synergistic effect that improves the number of active sites, charge transfer kinetics, and electronic conductivity. Differential pulse voltammetry analysis of PrV@NiFe-LDH/SPCE reveals a dynamic working range (0.005–226.26 μM), increased sensitivity (133.13 μA μM–1cm–2), enhanced photocatalytic activity, and low detection limit (0.001 μM), which are considered significant when compared with the former reported electrodes in the literature for the determination of DPAḢ+for its real-time applications.

Antibiotics are the most important drugs for people and animals to fight bacterial illnesses. Overuse of antibiotics has had unintended consequences, such as antibiotic resistance and ecosystem eradication owing to toxic chemical discharge, which have a negative influence on the biome. Herein, we report the synthesis of a hollow ellipsoid-shaped yttrium vanadate/graphitic carbon nitride (YVO4@CN) nanocomposite by a hydrothermal approach followed by a sonochemical method for the effective detection of dimetridazole (DMZ). The synergic and coupling effect between both the phases offer non-linear cumulative ramifications which can positively enhance the individual properties of the materials under consideration. This positive hybrid effect increases the conductivity, shortens the ion-diffusion pathway, enhances the electron/ion transportation, and provides more active sites and electron-conducting channels. The accurate optimization of the experimental conditions proposes good electrocatalytic activity for the YVO4@CN catalyst, exhibiting a good response toward DMZ detection. It reveals an extensive linear concentration range (0.001–153.3 and 176.64–351.6 μM), a low detection limit (0.8 nM), higher sensitivity (4.98 μA μM–1cm–2), appreciable selectivity, increased operational stability (2200 s), and good cycle stability (60 cycles). The electrochemical performance of YVO4@CN indicates its practical application in real-time sample analysis of several families of nitroimidazole drugs.

Rare-earth metal orthovanadates have great technological relevance in the family of rare-earth compounds owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties. A significant number of studies have been carried out on this class of compounds to exploit their electrochemical properties in virtue of variable oxidation states. But holmium vanadate (HoV) and its morphology selective synthesis have not been considered, which can have potential applications similar to the rest of the family. In this work, we propose the synthesis of superior architectures of HoV with a functionalized boron nitride (f-BN) nanocomposite. The synergistic effect between HoV and f-BN can have a positive effect on the physical characteristics of the nanocomposite, which can be explored for its electrochemical capacity. Here, HoV incorporated with f-BN is explored for the electrochemical detection of Hg2+ions, which is known for its toxicity-induced environmental health hazards. The structural and compositional revelation reveals higher conductivity and faster electron transfer in the composite, which facilitates a wide working range (0.02–53.8 and 64.73–295.4 μM), low limit of detection (5 nM), higher sensitivity (66.6 μA μM–1cm–2), good selectivity over 10-fold higher concentration of other interfering compounds compared to Hg2+ion concentration, and good cycles stability (30 segments) toward Hg2+ion detection. This also envisages the morphology selective synthesis and utilization of other rare-earth metals, whose electrochemical capacities are unexplored.

In this work, we propose a modified solid-state approach for the sustainable preparation of a SrWO4bifunctional catalyst using thymol–menthol-based natural deep eutectic green solvents (NADESs). Various spectroscopic and morphological techniques analyzed the as-synthesized SrWO4particles. Acetaminophen (ATP) and metformin (MTF) were selected as the model drug compounds. The electrochemical detection and photocatalytic degradation of ATP and MTF upon ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) light irradiation in the presence of as-prepared SrWO4particles as an active catalyst are examined. The present study displayed that the proposed catalyst SrWO4has enhanced catalytic activity in achieving the optimum experimental conditions, and linear ranges of ATP = 0.01–25.90 μM and MTF = 0.01–25.90 μM, a lower limit of detection (LOD) value (ATP = 0.0031 μM and MTF = 0.008 μM), and higher sensitivity toward ATP and MTF determination were obtained. Similarly, the rate constant was found to be k= ATP = 0.0082 min–1and MTF = 0.0296 min–1according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, benefitting from the excellent synergistic impact of the SrWO4catalyst toward the photocatalytic degradation of the drug molecule. Hence, this work offers innovative insights into the applicability of the as-prepared SrWO4bifunctional catalyst as an excellent functional material for the remediation of emerging pollutants in water bodies with a recovery range of 98.2–99.75%.

In the field of agriculture fungicides are vital, providing the most important ecosystem service for food production. The widespread use of these chemicals can significantly lead to various ecotoxicological threats with adverse effects, such as environmental changes, microbial resistance, and phytotoxicity. Electrochemical sensors offer enormous potential for the identification and monitoring of hazardous substances in accordance with their constructive characteristics, namely, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity, over traditional analytical techniques. Here, we thus report the synthesis of the lanthanum vanadate/hexagonal boron nitride (LaV/h-BN) composite for the electrochemical determination of carbendazim (CZ), which is a widely used fungicide for disease management with critical risks associated with its overexposure. The combination of LaV and h-BN accelerates the formation of active sites, facilitating faster charge transfer and higher electronic conductivity. The synergistic effects greatly improve the preference of the modified electrode with increased sensitivity, a lower limit of detection, and wide linear responses toward CZ detection. The existence of variable oxidation states in the orthovanadate together with the unique properties of h-BN mark LaV/h-BN as an advanced material for specific applications in the family of rare-earth metal orthovanadate. Also, the deep eutectic solvent-assisted synthesis of the material creates an environmentally efficient system with reduced energy requisites to allow for applications in effective environmental monitoring.