Decomposition mechanism of PbSe particles in water is proposed, which convert into Se single crystal nanowires and PbSeO 3 /Pd 3 (CO 3) 2 (OH) 2 sheets growing on the surface of undissolved PbSe particles by reacting with O 2 and CO 2 in water. • Mechanisms of nucleation and growth on particle surface in solution. • Decomposition of PbSe in water. • Understanding and controlling materials stability and thus the device design. PbSe materials are widely researched and utilized in visible-infrared photodetectors, displays, transistors, thermoelectric devices, and photovoltaics. However, the instability of PbSe limits practical utilization. Understanding the decomposition mechanisms of PbSe enables the guiding of targeted design to improve its stability. Here, we studied the decomposition process of PbSe in water, which is exposed to air, by using ex-situ and semi in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron tomography reconstruction (ETR). We found that, besides water molecules, PbSe particles also react with O 2 and CO 2 that are adsorbed in water from the air. Pd 3 (CO 3) 2 (OH) 2 , PbSeO 3 , and Se nucleate and grow on the surface of PbSe powders. This work provides an understanding of the mechanism of materials nucleation, growth, and decomposition. Furthermore, the findings can be potentially used as a reference to improve the stability and lifetime of PbSe devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]