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Based on the complex aging background, more and more older people have to live in an institution in later life in China. The prevalence of cognitive frailty (CF) is more higher in institutions than in communities. Rarely studies were conducted on the relationship between institutional residence and CF. Hence, this study were performed to determine the relationship between institutional residence (living in a nursing home) and CF in older adults. A total of 1004 older community residents and 111 older nursing home residents over 50 years of age from Hefei, Anhui Province, China were recruited. CF included physical frailty (PF) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). PF was assessed using the Chinese version of the Fried frailty scale, MCI was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the common associated factors including sedentary behavior, exercise, intellectual activity, comorbidity, medication, chronic pain, sleep disorders, nutritional status and loneliness were analyzed using regression logistic models. Multivariate regression logistic analysis showed that exercise ( P = .019, odds ratio [OR] = 0.494, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.274-0.891), intellectual activity ( P = .019, OR = 0.595, 95% CI: 0.380-0.932), medication use ( P = .003, OR = 2.388, 95% CI: 1.339-4.258), chronic pain ( P = .003, OR = 1.580, 95% CI: 1.013-2.465) and loneliness ( P = .000, OR = 2.991, 95% CI: 1.728-5.175) were significantly associated with CF in community residents; however, only sedentary behavior ( P = .013, OR = 3.851, 95% CI: 1.328-11.170) was significantly associated with CF in nursing home residents. Our findings suggest that nursing homes can effectively address many common risk factors for CF, including lack of exercise and intellectual activity, medication use, chronic pain, and loneliness, better than the community setting. Thus, residing in a nursing home is conducive to the intervention of CF.