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In this paper a numerical simulation is used to calculate near-field intensity by `split light beam.' The calculation proves to be valid as we apply it to the plane wave. In the case of one dimension structure such as a compact disk sample, the near-field intensity profiles show a rather complicated structure. In many cases the near-field intensity does not represent the actual surface profile. The near-field intensity is strongly modulated by the surface structure. When the distance between the sample and the probe becomes larger, some subtle perturbation is added to the intensity profile, and a shift between the surface and the intensity profile became more clear. The shift may cause some problems when we use the optical probe as a multi- function probe to do some lithograph work or to position. In this paper, a comparison between the calculation and experiment results was made.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An experimental formula for slitless rainbow hologram diffraction efficiency will be obtained from speckle theory and multiple-exposure theory in this paper. The results obtained from this formula tally with a vast amount of experimental data. This paper will solve the problem that the diffraction efficiency of slitless rainbow hologram not be estimated in theory over a long time.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In this paper, We intruduce the on — line holography measurement method of particle field. With themethod, the sauter mean diameter (SMD) distribution in cross — section of the rotary particle field can be effectively measured. We describe the character of the illuminating optical field, discuss the reason of lownoise and no twin image and outline the identification system of the hologram. By this system we carried outthe measure of 19 jet nozzles and provided voluble results for rotary particle field.key works : particle anaylysis, holography measure, Gauss beam 1. INTRODUCTION In particle field produced by the rotary flow nozzle, particles are small and density is high. The measuredparticle signal may be moduleted by scatter light of other particles in hologram, and the noise of the hologramis very strong. Usually the character of the particle three—dimension record will be lost. In the hologram,there are much more unidentified particles than identified ones.Many papers have reported the holography measure of particle field. Most of them determined particlespace position by diffraction hoop2. Because of the twin images, the record and analysis are very difficult.In the beginnings of the measure of rotary parficle field, we encounter the highly noisy hologram. Bytheoretical analysis, we discussed the effect of big particles and established the guide rule for particle measurein .Fresnel diffraction. The measured results are similar to those from other ways. but the strong noise andtwin image can not be solved and the SMD distribution data in cross—section can not be provided. Recently,Gauss light beam is used to illuminate slit and the diffraction optic field is used to illuminate the particlefield. 4F optical system is used to record coaxial hologram and the high signal—noise—rate holograms areobtained.

P.R.ChinaABSTRACTIn this paper we show the relationship among the Lagrange invariant, the interference invariant and thespace bandwidth product. they are important in geometrical optics, physical optics and information optics. Andwe gie a method of caIcuating the space bandvidth product of opticai system.I . INTRODUCTIONThe Lagrange invariant is important in geometrical optics such as in aberration calculations and in thephotometry of optical instruments. in this paper we will ihtroduce a new invariant — interference invariant — inphysical optics. it shows the conditions for forming clear interference fringes and for space coherence of lightfield. And it is well known that the space bandwidth product is significant in holography and optical informationprocessing. It can be used for describing information quantity of optical imaging system and capability of opticalprocessing system and storage capability of hologram etc. Furthermore, we Will

In this paper, a novel color -encoder which has dual functions of a beainsplitter and a beamshaper is proposed.This encoder could acquire very good uniformity of light field with high diffractive efficiency.An algorithm which combining tracing algorithm, G-S algorithm and Y-G algorithm is used to design this encoder,the result by computersimulation caculation shows:the diffraction efficiency is up to 93.3%,non-uniformity is less than O.O1%.And a newapproach to encode and make a phase element by using color-printer techniqies is proposed in this paper as well.keywords: color-encoder,binary optics,iterative algorithm 1.INTRODUCTION 2D/3D rainbow holograms have been used widely with speedy development of embossed holograms. In recording arainbow hologram, the slit is a very important element. Color-encoding different parts of an object in recording arainbow hologram, we generally use several slits as encoders, but that would lead to great energy loss.When lowsensitivity photoresist holograms are recordered by He-Cd laser that has low power, we have to prolong exposure time,that requires high stability for system.If we use a cylindrical lens as the the substitute for a slit, the efficiency of lightenergy can be improved,but only one cylindrical lens without other additional elements can not make several slits imageat the same time.We record a hologram of slits and make the reconstructive real image ofthe hologram as the substitutefor real slits,but the hologram could lead to low diffractive efficiency and the coherent noises'.Binary-Optics is a new branch of optics, it allows us to design wavefront using computer,the method is so flexiblethat we can convert any wavefront into any other desired one.In this paper,we proposed a novel color-encoder which hasdual fimctions of a beamshaper and a beamsplitter.It can convert a input circle Gaussian laser beam into three coherentuniform beams,enlarge the using areas of light field.This encoder could acquire a very good uniformity of light fieldwith high diffractive efficiency.

In this paper, a novel photoetching cellulose film (PCF) is presented. The basic photochemical reaction process and themechanism of image formation is discussed by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra and infrared (IR) spectra.The mixed absorption and phase modulations caused by color change and hotodegradation reaction leads to the strongerreal-time effect, and developed PCF hologram is generated by pure positive surface relief modulation.Key Words: holographic recording material, photoetching cellulose film (PCF), electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra,infrared spectra, imaging mechanism, photodegradation reaction 1. INTRODUCTION Holography has been used widely in the fields of information process, holographic interferometry, holographic display,holographic optical elements. The development of holography is dependenton the development of holographic recordingmaterials. By now, traditional dichromated gelatin (DCG) is regarded as the bestvolume holographic material because ofits high diffraction efficiency, high resolution capacity, high signal-to-noise ratio, and so on. But itshortcoming of imagedegeneration in humid environment, which is due to hydrophilous gelatir, confmes its wide application. Photoetchingcellulose film (PCF) is a new kind of recording material developedby the authors1'2'3'4'5, its possessed of excellent anti-humidity capacity because of using hydrophobic cellulose as its photosensitive layers. It is also possessed of somedesired characteristics such as higher resolution of up to 2000 line/mm, stronger real-time effect of up to 30%, excellentlinear relief modulation capacity, as well as light weight, good flexibility, simple making and processing procedure, lowcost, etc. In this paper, its making procedure, photochemical reaction of dichromate sensitizer, and the photodegradationmechanism of image formation are discussed.

The paper presents a technique which measures 3-D diffiise object's surface phase. By computersimulation, it has been found that the technique posses the properties of simple phase reduction algorithmand fast data processing as well as high accuracy. Particularly h€ simulation of phase measurement withreflectivity variation has been given.Keywords: phase measurement, simulation, moire, reflectively variation 1. INTRODUCTION The phase shift1 and Fourier transformation2 are the techniques which are applied in 3-D object'ssurface shape measurement. If one wants to get higher measurement accuracy, the phase shift method willencounter difficult of higher accurate phase step and Fourier transformation will need a lot of calculation.In order to perform 3-D object's surface shape measurement, one can directly analyze the deformed fringe pattern. According to the intensity of fringe, we put forth a technique of phase measurement which dependson weighted average of fringe gradient. The recorded intensity will be normalized and interpolated. Finally

To evaluate a hologram by measuring its optical density D, diffraction efficiency (tau) and signal-noise ratio SNR is a conventional method in holography. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for evaluation of a thin, phase holograms by testing phase modulation together with D, (tau) and SNR. Many properties of the thin, phase holograms are related to phase modulation, so that to control the value of phase modulation in making a thin, phase hologram is important. The value of the phase modulation of a hologram can be obtained by measuring the irradiance of its zero and first- order diffraction and calculating their ratio. This method will help holographers to obtain a perfect understanding of a thin, phase hologram and help them to choose the optimum parameters of exposure so as to obtain an expectation result. The theoretical analysis of this method are given and some applications are also introduced.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A new kind of method generating kinetic diffraction grating image is introduced in this paper. Its main property is that the technique of real time dividing light is used in the system. The work efficiency is raised much more than other method, and the angles between two thin beams for generating pixels are successive variable. The encoding principle of kinetic diffraction grating image is discussed. The concept of the grating spectral pallet is first proposed and the sampler of grating spectral pallet is given. The image can be generated to give satisfaction to custom with this grating spectral pallet. The image color can be in accord with the original image color, because there are as many grating spectral pallets as computer spectral pallets. The relation between the number of pallet and the angle of two thin beams is discussed. This kind of image is of high technology, short developing circle time and the properties of being kinetic and visible in 360 degree. It will be widely used in laser anti-counterfeiting, decorating and packing fields.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The effect of prehardening and processing procedure of dichromated gelatin (DCG) on the broadband characteristics of reflection holograms is researched in this paper. We present several parameters evaluating the performances of broadband reflection holograms, and establish a setup measuring diffraction efficiency of reflection holograms directly, and provides two methods for controlling DCG prehardening. The experiments are significant to the manufacture of reflection holograms in DCG.

In this paper the principle and storage capacity of spatioangularly multiplexed holographic data (SAMHD), by incorporating spherical reference beams into spatioangular multiplexing scheme, are described. The spatial selectivity of SAMHD is derived, based on its angular selectivity, by a simplified ray-optics method. The main advantage of SAMHD over the conventional block-oriented holographic storage is that the optical system for write/read of a disk would be much more simple. Preliminary experiments showing good agreement with theoretical analysis are presented.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Stable green output was obtained in the laser diode array pumped intracavity-doubled Nd:BGO (Nd-doped Bi4Ge3O12) laser by using a birefringent filter formed by a Brewster plate and a birefringent KTP crystal. Compared with Nd:YAG, the Nd:BGO crystal has many unique advantages. The devices demonstrated in this paper are expected to find applications in optical storage and image processing.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Moving gratings at large fringe modulation and optical bias in photorefractive ciystal Bi2SiO20 are investigated.With two-wave mixing architecture, the optimum fringe velocity and the enhancement of the diffraction efficiencyexhibit strong nonlinear dependence on the fringe modulations. With fourwave mixing architecture, not only thesenonlinear effects still exist but also the optimum pump beam ratio is totally different from a stationary grating. It isalso found applying optical bias into moving gratings that the diffraction efficiency exhibits unexpected behaviour.Experimental results ofthese nonlinear effects are presented.Keywords: moving gratings, photorefractivity, optical bias. . 1. INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of energy transfer by moving gratings in BSO crystal is useful for signal amplification and hasbeen widely investigated in the last decade'4. With signal amplification the fringe modulation is very small and thefundamental analysis — the solution of Kukhtarev differential equations5 has been given in detail by Refregier et aL6.The mosthig grating technique can also be applied into holography to enhance the diffraction efficiency. However, inholography the fringe modulation is usually large, and the small modulation theory is not valid any more and should bemodified. For the large fringe modulation case, Au and Solymar7, and Brost9 have presented numerical solution ofthe differential equations by taking the higher order harmonic components ofthe space-charge field into account. Theiranalysis predicates unexpected behaviour ofspace-charge field in the form of nonlinearities.This paper presents the experimental results made with moving gratings in BSO at large fringe modulations. Intwo-wave mixing architecture the nonlinear dependence of the optimum fringe velocity and the enhancement of the

In industrial applications some single point laser range sensing systems by triangulation are often used. There are many algorithms to determine the center position. But there are basic physical limits ofaccuracy ofcenter position which is introduced by laser speckle on image. In this paper we conduct a computer simulation on the intensity distribution and graity of image speckle pattern produced under the completely coherent illumination, and give a direct result on some possible factors such as the observation aperture of an imaging system, the surface roughness, the number of microtopology units included in the point spread function and the width of illumination area. The result confirms the dependence of distance uncertainty on the observation aperture of an imaging system. A comparison between the simulation and earlier theoretical results is also given.

The stability of the latent image recorded in TMG-MBDCG was studied by means of investigating on the real-time diffraction efficiency. We found that the latent image will decline under low exposure, and such phenomenon can be reduced by heating. The mechanism of such decline is discussed in this paper also.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In this paper, we describe a 2D color grating image system. Using digital image process technology, we get the information of every pixel of a color image, then, according to the relation of pixels and grating pattern, under the control of a computer, using laser light, we make tiny oriented diffraction grating on a recording plate. The result is brilliant kinetic image which is dazzling under any light source.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

By analyzing the intensity of grating pattern we investigated a technique for automatic 3-D shapemeasurement. Phase reduction is based on analyzing the intensity of the grating pattern which is producedby divergent illumination. Only one image pattern is sufficient and the technique is very simple. It has thenature of fast and accurate. The paper present theoretical simulation and experimental results.Keywords: profilometry, grating, phase measurement, moire 1. INTRODUCTION Projection moire topography is a well-known method for the noncontact profilometric measurementof 3-D diffuse object, but moire contour analysis has disadvantage. Instead moire fringe analysis we candirectly analyze deformed grating fringe. By analyzing only one image we can get the information of3-D diffuse objects. The method of direct grating fringe analysis has been studied by several authors"2.Here,we put forward our technique. It is also based on direct grating fringe analysis. In our system thegrating fringe on object's surface is formed by divergent illuminating a grating. Therefore, the system canmeasure a large object. According to the grating fringe intensity and by searching the center of fringe, therecorded intensity is normalized and interpolated. Phase measurement is developed by only one image.

In this paper, the basic view points and methods of statistical metrological theory to holographic and speckle metrology are reviewed. As an example, the statistical theory is applied to quasi-heterodyne holographic interferometry. The results reveal the relation between fringe distribution and system parameters and the relation between measuring accuracy and system errors. From this example, it can be found that statistical metrological theory is superior that the conventional geometrical theory.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In this paper, we first introduce the definition of quantum information optics and expound the essential distinction between quantum and classical information optics. Secondly, the five great subjects on the research of quantum information optics are summarized. Finally, the recent experimental progress on the preparation (or generation) of quantum states (or quantum information) in some semiconductor devices and materials are introduced and reviewed in detail.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The stability of hologram recorded in DC-MBDCG plate, a new kind of gelatin recording material sensitized with double- sensitive-center method (reported lately by us), is investigated in this paper. The results show that the holograms recording in DC-MBDCG become more stable than in common dichromated gelatin. So, we believe the double- sensitive-center method is effective not only for system sensitizing but also for hologram stability enhancing. The mechanism of the results is discussed herein as well.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

It is proved theoretically and experimentally in this paper that the diffraction efficiency and resolution of optical fiber image plane hologram can be enhanced by decreasing the single fiber core diameter of image-carrying optical fiber bundle and increasing the unit area fiber number.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

This paper presents a holographic diffuser for diffusion to definite direction. It can be used as objective carrier in an imaging system. The holographic diffuser has several functions of diffuser, prism and field lens. The angle of diffraction can be controlled. So the holographic diffusers have many advantages over conventional diffusers.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A high resolution laser scanning image system (HRLSIS) is introduced in this paper. A 7 element f(theta) lens is designed, which linear distortion is less than 0.04% and MTF of all fields more than 0.5. Using a optical compensation method, pyramidal error of the rotating prism is less than 1'. Performance achieved by the HRLSIS is: length of scanning line is 200, pixel count per line is 8000, position accuracy of adjacent pixels is less than 5 (mu) .© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Speckle interferometry is an efficiency method to analyze vibration. In certain conditions, this technique has some outstanding, and not need strict shook-proof condition, compared with the holographic method for measuring vibration. Therefore, it is suitable for analysis vibration with a large amplitude. Real-time interferometry is a rapid and simple method for measuring vibration of a body, it gives speckle pattern containing amplitude distribution of body-surface. By means of time-averaged method, the speckle pattern is recorded in fourier transform plane, or vibration lines are seen directly with eye, so analyzed efficiently amplitude, phase, and model of vibration. This paper deduces the intensity distribution function with real-time method, and gives experimental proofs of vibration body--the vibration lines with different frequencies, the last, the conclusion.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

measurements have been taken at different reference-to-object beam intensity ratios to determine the optimum ratio formaximum diffraction ofthe readout beam by the photoinduced grating. These investigations have been carried out on azo-dye doped polymer films to determine their suitability for use in information processing by holographic methods. Theedge-enhancement ofvarious objects, both simple and complex, was demonstrated with this azo-dye doped polymer film,illustrating the possibility of nonlinear optical filtering using such photoanisotropic materials. The described method usestwo interacting beams without any additional devices and allows the edge enhancement ofmoving objects.2. iNTRODUCTIONOne important part of modern optics is the storage and the processing of optical information. Dynamic holographicmaterials are of increasing interest for such applications. The principle feature of a dynamic material is the ability togenerate a hologram in the volume of the material in real time without the requirement of any chemical postprocessing.Various organic and inorganic materials have been investigated for this purpose.This paper discusses results of investigations carried out on such photoanisotropic organic materials. These media areisotropic by nature but gain an anisotropy when exposed to polarized light. This anisotropic material is in the form of alayer of an azo dye, such as Disperse red 13, introduced into a polymer matrix such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).One ofthe principle advantages ofthese organic polymer films is the simplicity oftheir fabrication process. They are alsorelatively inexpensive. They display very good characteristics, including reversibility, sensitivity and the possibility toproduce a efficient holographic diffraction grating.

The purpose of the study is to obtain extremely high efficiency of reflection holograms. An ultra-high-resolution silver-halide material, a super-stable table and optical system, a special developer as well as preventing emulsion shrinkage solution are described in this paper. Some techniques discussed can be applied to color reflection holograms.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Based on the rotating prism multiple holography and real- time method, we present a new technique which is a synthetic holographic interferometry. The usage of the technique can record both double-exposure hologram and single-exposure hologram on a single holofilm. The usage of rotating prism can modulate plane reference waves to record multiple holograms. When the multiple hologram is exactly restituted and the incident angle of plane reconstruction waves equals a modulated angle of plane reference wave, the reconstructed original image is at the same place as the original object. The place is used as a channel of real-time observation and the others are served to record double-exposure holograms. In this way, both single-exposure and double-exposure holographies can be realized on a holofilm. Observing simultaneously interferograms at standard state recorded by double exposure and `living fringe' provided by real-time method, we can compare the change of standard state with states of different times. The paper presents a synthetic holographic interferometry and provides a new method for precise real-time measurement.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The holographic information transferred from photoresist master to replica is the relief groove depth. Many properties of the replica are related to groove depth of master, so to control the groove depth of photoresist master is important. In this paper, a novel method is adopted to obtain the value of the phase modulation by measuring diffraction light intensity of the photoresist master, since there is a certain relationship between groove depth and phase modulation, so the groove depth can be obtained indirectly.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Hohai UniversityDepartment of Physics and MathematicsNanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, ChinaABSTRACTThis paper reports an experimental investigation on the statistical properties of laser speckle recorded byusing a CCD camera under different F numbers. Statistical properties such as the probability densityfunction of the intensity of the laser speckle varies with the F number of the optical set-up for different mparameters were analysed and compared with the theoretical predication.Keywords: laser speckle, statistical properties, CCD camera, F number1. INTRODUCTIONCCD image sensors have become important tools in digital ESPI. In such a system, laser speckle patternis imaged through an optical set-up onto a CCD detector array and then sampled and digitised into PCcomputer. It is of concern that the statistical properties of the laser speckle be under the influence of the F

In this paper, optical computer tomography technique is applied successfully to the investigation of radiant heat problem of integrated circuit chips. In accordance with their characteristics of asymmetrical and containing opaque objects, algebraic reconstruction technique is adopted to calculated 3D temperature distributions of radiator models. Reconstructed results are consistent with that of the measurement by use of thermocouples.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The use of optical interferometric measurement techniques for the visualization and characterization oftransient processes intransparent media and the evaluation of dynamic deformations is of increasing interest in many branches of industry and re-search. Methods like holographic interferometry (real-time, double exposure) have the disadvantage that the handling of thestorage media (photo plates, thermoplastics) is difficult and expensive devices are needed (for instance thermoplasticcameras). Therefore one aim of optics research is the development and the implementation of novel optical storage mediawhich are easy to handle and have potentially low cost.Furthermore a great number of modem optical methods require coherent electromagnetic waves, but the information is often carried by incoherent illumination (CCD-cameras) or by laser radiation with wavelengths (due to the absorption characteristics of the object under investigation) which are not suited for current materials or devices. For that reason theconversion of information from one wave to a wave with another wavelength or from incoherent light to coherent light isnecessary.In this paper we describe two possible applications of different photoanisotropic polymer samples. At first these samples areused as holographic storage media in real-time holographic interferometry and at second as nonlinear media for incoherent-to-coherent conversion. The first example includes the principal experimental setup. The second example shows thepossibility of incoherent-to-coherent conversion of information. The intensity transfer function of this conversion process iscalculated.2. PHOTOANISOTROPIC POLYMERS AS NONLINEAR OPTICAL MEDIAMany different materials have been investigated in recent years for use in applications as holographic storage media foroptical signal processing. Photorefractice crystals like Bi12TiO20, Bi12GeO20 and BaTiO3 have been used for thesepurposes2. The main disadvantages of these materials are their expense and the lack of ruggedness. Furthermore, for thesematerials important parameters like wavelength sensitivity, response time and decay time are controllable only over a narrow

The yielding and displaying of the 3D images of object have been investigated for many years. The methods of designing non-spherical or complicated wavefront are important for fabrications of different optical elements with low aberrations, and also very useful for the synthesis of rainbow holograms of the 3D true-color objects. The display of 3D wavefront can be realized by several methods. In this paper the technique and system of holographic synthesis of computer designed-3D wavefront are described. The 2D amplitude distribution of light wavefront of object in the recording plane can be created by computer 3D image design and by sampling the wavefront in the angles. Then, these amplitude distributions after modified by computer are output into the holographic recording systems by means of high resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) plate to form the synthetic holographic master. The master is converted into image-plane rainbow hologram in the holographic systems. The advantages of the technique, compared with the CGH and conventional holographic method, are obvious. The LCD output is simple and fast. The wavefronts of true-color object can also be fabricated by this system. The different coding holographic gratings and elements, the true-color 3D rainbow holograms can be made successfully with the technique combined with spatial frequency-coding and color- controlling technology.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In this paper, the structure design of laser-resisting holographic protective film is introduced; the effect of thethickness and coefficient of the holographic recording medium on diffraction efficiency, on protective bandwidth, and onprotective angle is analyzed: the testing results on the optical density, the protective angle, the effect of biologicalprotection for rabbits' eyes are presented. 1. BASIC PRINCIPLE Tactical laser weapons have become a threat to eyes and optoelectronic sensors. Laser resistance of holographicprotective film is achieved by the application of the principle of Bragg diffraction. This holographic film can effectivelyprotect against laser of specially designated wavelength, with little influence on the brightness of viewing field. It can bepasted on various optoelectronic devices, or used in making laser protective eye wears.The holographic protective film is obtained as a three-dimensional reflection phase grating with high transparentpolyester fiber as basic and dichromate gelatin as recording medium, in the method of laser hologram. When the entranceangle of laser satisfies the Bragg condition, powerful first order diffraction light can appear. According to requirement,by controlling the distance between neighboring interference fringes, the laser of specially designed wavelength can bereflected, but other light can pass this protective film with little attenuation.In the recording process of hologram, the Ar+ laser is used as recording optical source, the wavelength(. ) of therecording optical wave equals 0.5l4nm, and the angles of object light and reference light in medium are separately e

A new suggestion that there is a phase jump of (pi) in the boundary wave is put forward in this paper. This suggestion may be a supplement of Huygens-Fresnel principle. Based on this new suggestion, a series of new beam was invented, both outside and inside laser cavity. Especially, a new CO2 laser with equivalent beam quality factor M2e < 1 is achieved. It can be considered as the result of some controllable nonlinear self-focusing, and the physical background of deformed quantum mechanics.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Some new methods in real-time holographic interferometry are presented in this paper, such as how to obtain a high contrast of interference fringes in real-time holographic interferometry at the stage of recording or reconstruction; how to predict the deformation direction of an object by a simple and reliable method etc. These techniques are helpful for holographers to improve the precision and efficiency in real-time holographic interferometry.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

This paper presents the application of optical epoxy resin as transfer medium to duplicate the relief hologram onto the hard base material. Experiments have been conducted on photo sensitive and thermal sensitive resins in relief hologram duplication. The results have shown that the diffraction efficiency and spatial frequency of the duplicated hologram are approximate to those of the original ones, and its environmental stability is satisfactory. The new one-time transfer duplicating technique, its simple process and low investment offer a practical value in mass-duplicating production.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We present a technique for the measurement of temporal phase differences. In this method, the holographic stor-age of a given wavefront in a photorefractive BaTiO3 crystal is combined with the interferometric phase-steptechnique. We obtain a novelty-filter phase-step method which allows for the measurement of phase changeswithin an unique process. The application and some features ofthe technique are demonstrated.2. INTRODUCTIONThe measurement of temporal phase changes may be carried out by means of two different ways. In conventionalinterferometry, the phase distributions of the original and of the altered states are estimated by means of a phase-step algorithm. Huntley and Saldner1 published a method for the measurement of phase differences that includes asolution ofthe phase unwrapping problem.A different way for the measurement of phase changes consists of the use of optical real-time storage media. Asin holographic interferometry, the original wavefront may be stored in the medium and superimposed with a givenchanged phase distribution. The phase difference is then estimated by means of interferometric techniques. Suchtechniques have to be applied once (and not twice as before) but the interferogram analysis will be still necessary.For more than 20 years photorefractive crystals have been used as optical storage materials for real-time hologra-phy and holographic interferometry. If the wavefront which has been stored in such a crystal is compared to achanged wavefront, the photorefractive medium not only acts as an optical memory but also as an optical noveltyfilter2. This principle can result in visualization techniques for transient phase changes3.If a novelty filter is to be applied for the measurement of transient phase changes, one has to find a way for thecalculation of the original phase values from the intensity at the novelty filter output.In this paper, we demonstrate such a technique on the basis of the coupled waves theory4, by means of which theinteraction of two coherent light beams in a photorefractive crystal can be described.3. THEORYThe principal scheme for the application of the procedure consists of a two-wave mixing5 (TWM) arrangement

A newly developed plane optical element-holographic disc as an omnidirectional scanner for bar code auto-recognition, with which the incident laser beam could be realized beam deflection and focus is described. The original design parameters are also given. The experiment shows that within the length of 500 mm, the height of the arc of scanning line will not exceed 12 mm, and the focused spot size is 0.2 mm averagely in this paper.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Master holograms with color coding are widely used in making true color embossed holograms, such as 2D holograms and stereograms. But the master hologram can not be used to record true color relief rainbow hologram of 3D object with single laser light. A new master hologram with both color and position coding for true color 3D embossed hologram is presented in this paper. The characteristics of the new master hologram are analyzed in detail.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An off-axis type refractive/diffractive Gregorian telescopic optical system without any aspherical element and center obscuration is presented in this paper. A binary optical element is used to correct aberrations and its size is reduced to 1/3 or 1/4 of the Schmidt corrector. Using OSLO SIX4.2 (Sinclair Optics Inc.) optical design software, an off-axis infrared refractive/diffractive hybrid telescopic system is designed with the parameters: aperture (phi) equals 120 mm, effective focal length f equals -1000 mm, wavelength (lambda) equals 4.3 micrometers , the field of view 2 degree(s) X 6 degree(s), resolution Res equals 50 um, modulation transfer function >= 0.4 when the spatial frequency v

In this paper, a new type optical splitters is described. The splitter, a varied phase structure grating which is made with binary optical technique, can continuously adjust splitting ratio of two light beams. The relation between splitters structure and two split beams energy is given by vibration curve method, experimental results are presented and discussed too.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.