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The Geological Survey of Israel (GSI) was founded in 1948 with the establishment of the State of Israel. Over the years, changes of the research directions were dictated by national needs as the population grew from less than 1 million to more than 9 million in 2020 in a small country of only 22,000 km2 with highly diverse geological features. This was associated with a change in the structure of the survey and establishing it as a key player in sustainable development and effective utilization of natural resources. It became possible by the upgrade of the staff levels and the research facilities after the survey was recognized as an independent research institute by the government. The achievement of the GSI as an applied science organization in response to the country's ever-developing challenges is going hand in hand with becoming an international geo-scientific recognized organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism for uplift of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is still a matter of debate. There are two main models: extrusion and crustal flow. These models have been tested by surface observations, but questions about the uplift remain. In addition, the devastating 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake along the Longmen Shan fault zone (LMSFZ) reminds us that the tectonic activity within eastern Tibet is complex and poses a major natural hazard. This activity is accompanied by dramatic uplift along the LMSFZ, but only minor convergence (<4 mm year–1) against the Sichuan basin is observed. In order to investigate the mechanism for uplift of Longmen Shan (LMS) area, we explored the lithospheric structure across the Songpan–Ganzi terrane (SGT), LMS, and western Sichuan basin by undertaking an integrated analysis of a variety of data including new, logistically challenging controlled-source seismic profiling (reflection and refraction) results, receiver function estimates of crustal thickness, gravity and magnetic data, GPS data, and geologic constraints. Our analysis of crustal structure indicates that the crust is not thick enough to support its current elevation and that the crust is essentially composed of three layers of similar thickness. Thus, based on our crustal structure model, 2D numerical modelling was conducted to investigate uplift mechanisms. The modelling results indicate that the middle crust beneath the SGT is the most ductile layer, which is the key factor responsible for the crustal-scale faulting, earthquake behaviour, and periods of uplift. In addition, the modelling results indicate that the strong Sichuan block acts as a backstop for the thrusting along the LMS and crustal thickening to the west. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]