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Abstract: In the past decade it has been established that regulatory T cells (Tregs) control all immune responses. As the induction and effector mechanisms used by Tregs are being unraveled, it is emerging that a reciprocal population of CD4+ T lymphocytes exists in the immune system that produces inflammatory cytokine IL-17, and coined "Th17 cells". Th17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many forms of human disease. The development, function, mechanism of action, and homeostasis of Tregs and Th17 cells, and the reciprocal control between Tregs and Th17 cells were presented at the Second International Conference on Regulatory T Cells and Th17 Cells and Clinical Application in Human Diseases in Shanghai on 17–20 July 2010 (China Tregs/Th17 2010). In this Special Issue of International Immunopharmacology, several paper submitted to the conference will highlight the biology of Tregs and Th17 cells, and their clinical application in human disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]