1. SARS-CoV-2: Current trends in emerging variants, pathogenesis, immune responses, potential therapeutic, and vaccine development strategies
- Author
-
Farhad Jeddi, Maryam Esghaie, Atieh Mousavizadeh, Asghar Abdoli, Farah Bokharaei-Salim, Ali Salimi-Jeda, Maryam Shafaati, and Sina Abbassi
- Subjects
MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging ,viruses ,VTM, Viral transport medium ,NP, Nasopharyngeal ,FNR, False‐negative rate ,Pathogenesis ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,COVID-19 Testing ,COVID-19, Coronavirus disease of 2019 ,Pandemic ,Th17, T helper 17 ,Immunology and Allergy ,IL, Interleukin ,CRS, Cytokine release syndrome ,Coronavirus ,MIP1α, Macrophage inflammatory protein 1α ,OP, Oropharyngeal ,LF, Lactoferrin ,TGF, Transforming growth factor ,cGMP, Good Manufacturing Practice ,ICU, Intensive care unit ,WNV, West Nile virus ,HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus ,Immune Responses ,CT, Computed tomography ,HAT, Human airway trypsin-like protease ,VLPs, Virus-like particles ,SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 ,BALF, Broncho alveolar lavage fluid ,COVID-19 Vaccines ,IBV, infectious bronchitis virus ,Immunology ,JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus ,MSC, Mesenchymal Stem Cells ,Article ,NCD, Newcastle disease virus ,Virus ,CT, Cycle threshold ,NSPs, Nonstructural proteins ,CRISPR, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ,Immune system ,LAMP, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification ,Immunity ,medicine ,Ang II, Angiotensin II ,Animals ,Humans ,RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerases ,GGOs, Ground-glass opacities ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,Pharmacology ,RBD, Receptor binding-domain ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,AKI, Acute kidney injury ,COVID-19 ,International health ,medicine.disease ,Emerging Variants ,COVID-19 Drug Treatment ,FDA, Food and drug administration ,Drug Design ,RAS, Renin-angiotensin system ,Therapy ,DENV, Dengue virus ,ACE-2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ,business ,Cytokine storm ,Vaccine - Abstract
Graphical abstract, More than a year after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is still a major global challenge for scientists to understand the different dimensions of infection and find ways to prevent, treat, and develop a vaccine. On January 30, 2020, the world health organization (WHO) officially announced this new virus as an international health emergency. While many biological and mechanisms of pathogenicity of this virus are still unclear, it seems that cytokine storm resulting from an immune response against the virus is considered the main culprit of the severity of the disease. Despite many global efforts to control the SARS-CoV-2, several problems and challenges have been posed in controlling the COVID-19 infection. These problems include the various mutations, the emergence of variants with high transmissibility, the short period of immunity against the virus, the possibility of reinfection in people improved, lack of specific drugs, and problems in the development of highly sensitive and specific vaccines. In this review, we summarized the results of the current trend and the latest research studies on the characteristics of the structure and genome of the SARS-CoV- 2, new mutations and variants of SARS-CoV-2, pathogenicity, immune response, virus diagnostic tests, potential treatment, and vaccine candidate.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF