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Introduction: The prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is rising worldwide. Diabetes is a major health issue across the globe and a cause of microvascular and macrovascular complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, blindness, and cardiovascular disease. Long-term control of blood glucose is an important and determining factor in the prevention of these complications. Methods: In this review study, the databases such as Scientific Information Database, PubMed, SID, ISI, and Scopus were searched for articles published from 1975 to 2019, with emphasis on the articles published within the past 10 years. The used keywords were diabetes, insulin, oxidative stress, microvascular, and macrovascular as well as the diseases and disorders related to diabetes. Results: Considering diabetes, types of diabetes, and its relationship with the organs, it is possible to estimate some degree of prevention, recovery, and timely treatment of diabetes and its effects on other organs Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes numerous diseases and affects the organs due to hyperglycemia, reduced insulin level or insulin tolerance, increased free radicals, and dysfunction of organs. Delay in the diagnosis of diabetes leads to increased diabetes complications that can be prevented by severe glycemic control.

Introduction: Pedometer feedback home-based cardiac rehabilitation (PFHCR) programs have been effective in augmenting exercise tolerance. Our aim was to investigate the effects of PFHCR on cardiovascular functional capacity in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).Methods: Forty MI patients were divided into two intervention and two control groups (n=10)in a randomized controlled trial. The intervention group received a PFHCR program including routine medications along with continuous exercise program, whereas the control group received traditional care without PFHCR. Baseline evaluations and cardiovascular stresses were controlled during the 8-week follow-up rehabilitation program in all patients. Data analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and paired sample student’s t-test (P ≤ 0.05).Results: At baseline, no significant differences were observed between the groups. After eight weeks of PFHCR, the intervention groups had significantly higher metabolic equivalent(P = 0.001), VO2max (P = 0.001), total exercise times (P = 0.001), and total distance traveled(P = 0.003) when compared with the control groups. However, no significant intra-group or inter-group differences in variables were observed between the men and women.Conclusion: Our results showed that PFHCR exhibited significant optimal effects on the cardiovascular functional capacity in MI patients.