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Recently, cellulose paper based triboelectric nanogenerators (CPTENGs) has gained widely attention due to the development of wearable, green and miniaturized electronic products. Modification of cellulose fibers or paper is a feasible method to improve the output performance of CPTENGs, however, the simple and effective routes to improve the triboelectric property of cellulose paper still remain a challenge. Herein, we report a simple method to prepare PEO/cellulose composite paper (PEO/CCP) via mixing polyethylene oxide (PEO) with cationic cellulose fibers. Benefiting from amino groups and PEO, the composite paper exhibits higher triboelectric positive property and triboelectric charge density, thereby endowing PEO/CCP based TENG with outstanding output performance. The voltage, current and power density peak values of PEO/CCP based TENG exhibited linear relationship with amino groups content; in this instance, the performance of the TENGs can be readily adjusted by the amino groups. The voltage, current and power density of PEO/CCP based TENG can be up to 222.1 V, 4.3 μA, and 217.3 mW•m−2, respectively. Moreover, a human-health detection device based on this TENG can monitor the physiological signals such as eye muscles, respiration, heart beat and wrist pulse, promising potentials for applications in human health-care. • PEO can improve the triboelectric positive property of cellulose paper. • The V OC , I SC and Q SC values of PEO/CCP based TENG exhibits linear relationship with amino groups content. • The PEO/CCP based TENG can yield a maximum V OC and I SC of 222.1 V and 4.3 μA. • A human-health detection device with button battery structure was designed. • The human-health detection device can monitor physiological signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]