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Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) is one of the most widespread contaminants in agricultural commodities. Pleurotus eryngii (PE) is widely used as a feed additive for its anti-inflammatory properties, and its major active substance is believed to be polysaccharides. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of dietary PE polysaccharides alleviating AFB 1 -induced toxicity in ducks. The major monosaccharide components of PE polysaccharides were identified as glucose, mannose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and fucose. The results showed that dietary PE polysaccharides could alleviate liver inflammation, alleviate intestinal barrier dysfunction, and change the imbalanced gut microbiota induced by AFB 1 in ducks. However, PE polysaccharides failed to exert protective roles on the liver and intestine injury induced by AFB 1 in antibiotic-treated ducks. The PE + AFB 1 -originated microbiota showed a positive effect on intestinal barrier and inflammation, the SCFAs transport via the gut-liver axis, and liver inflammation compared with the AFB 1 -originated microbiota in ducks. These findings provided a possible mechanism that PE polysaccharides alleviated AFB 1 -induced liver inflammation in ducks by remodeling gut microbiota, regulating microbiota-derived SCFAs transport via the gut-liver axis, and inhibiting inflammatory gene expressions in the liver, which may provide new insight for therapeutic methods against AFB 1 exposure in animals. [Display omitted] • PE polysaccharides alleviate the inflammation induced by AFB 1 in ducks. • PE polysaccharides fail to exert positive effects in antibiotics-treated ducks. • The transport of SCFAs plays an important role in regulating inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed-derived peptides (RPPs) can maintain the homeostasis of human blood glucose by inhibiting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and activating the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). However, these peptides are susceptible to hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. To enhance the therapeutic potential of these peptides, we developed a chitosan/sodium alginate-based nanocarrier to encapsulate two RPP variants, rapeseed-derived cruciferin peptide (RCPP) and rapeseed-derived napin peptide (RNPP). A convenient three-channel device was employed to prepare chitosan (CS)/sodium alginate (ALG)-RPPs nanoparticles (CS/ALG-RPPs) at a ratio of 1:3:1 for CS, ALG, and RPPs. CS/ALG-RPPs possessed optimal encapsulation efficiencies of 90.7 % (CS/ALG-RNPP) and 91.4 % (CS/ALG-RCPP), with loading capacities of 15.38 % (CS/ALG-RNPP) and 16.63 % (CS/ALG-RCPP) at the specified ratios. The electrostatic association between CS and ALG was corroborated by zeta potential and near infrared analysis. 13C NMR analysis verified successful RPPs loading, with CS/ALG-RNPP displaying superior stability. Pharmacokinetics showed that both nanoparticles were sustained release and transported irregularly (0.43 < n < 0.85). Compared with the control group, CS/ALG-RPPs exhibited significantly increased glucose tolerance, serum GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide 1) content, and CaSR expression which play pivotal roles in glucose homeostasis (* p < 0.05). These findings proposed that CS/ALG-RPPs hold promise in achieving sustained release within the intestinal epithelium, thereby augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of targeted peptides. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chitin-based magnetic hyper-cross-linked polymer (labeled as Ch-MHCP) has been successfully synthesized and utilized for highly-effective solid-phase extraction of neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs). The extraction capability of Ch-MHCP for four common NEOs is higher than that of four commercial sorbents including octadecyl-silane C18, oasis hydrophilic/lipophilic balanced sorbent, oasis mixed anion sorbent and poly-phenylacetic mixed anion sorbent. The large number of hydroxyl and amide groups as well as benzene rings in Ch-MHCP allow the H-bond and π-π* interaction to be the principal adsorption mechanism of Ch-MHCP for NEOs. Besides, polar interaction was also involved in the adsorption process. In combination of Ch-MHCP based extraction technique with high-performance liquid chromatography, a novel analytical method for sensitive detection of NEOs in lemon juice and tomatoes has been established. At optimal conditions, wide linear ranges were obtained to be 0.20–100 ng mL−1 for lemon juice and 0.80–1000 ng g−1 for tomatoes. The detection limits were 0.06–0.12 ng mL−1 for lemon juice and 0.24–0.60 ng g−1 for tomatoes. This work not only provides a powerful tool for simultaneously detecting four NEOs in lemon juice and tomatoes, but also offers a new insight into the preparation of bio-based magnetic sorbents for adsorption/removal of pollutants. • A chitin-based magnetic bio-sorbent (Ch-MHCP) was synthesized for the first time. • Ch-MHCP exhibited good adsorption performance to neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs). • A Ch-MHCP based MSPE-HPLC-DAD method was developed to determine four NEOs. • Hydrogen bond and π-π interaction were proved to be the main adsorption mechanism. • Ch-MHCP holds great application prospect in adsorption of a variety of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chitin-based magnetic hyper-cross-linked polymer (labeled as Ch-MHCP) has been successfully synthesized and utilized for highly-effective solid-phase extraction of neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs). The extraction capability of Ch-MHCP for four common NEOs is higher than that of four commercial sorbents including octadecyl-silane C18, oasis hydrophilic/lipophilic balanced sorbent, oasis mixed anion sorbent and poly-phenylacetic mixed anion sorbent. The large number of hydroxyl and amide groups as well as benzene rings in Ch-MHCP allow the H-bond and π-π* interaction to be the principal adsorption mechanism of Ch-MHCP for NEOs. Besides, polar interaction was also involved in the adsorption process. In combination of Ch-MHCP based extraction technique with high-performance liquid chromatography, a novel analytical method for sensitive detection of NEOs in lemon juice and tomatoes has been established. At optimal conditions, wide linear ranges were obtained to be 0.20–100 ng mL−1 for lemon juice and 0.80–1000 ng g−1 for tomatoes. The detection limits were 0.06–0.12 ng mL−1 for lemon juice and 0.24–0.60 ng g−1 for tomatoes. This work not only provides a powerful tool for simultaneously detecting four NEOs in lemon juice and tomatoes, but also offers a new insight into the preparation of bio-based magnetic sorbents for adsorption/removal of pollutants. • A chitin-based magnetic bio-sorbent (Ch-MHCP) was synthesized for the first time. • Ch-MHCP exhibited good adsorption performance to neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs). • A Ch-MHCP based MSPE-HPLC-DAD method was developed to determine four NEOs. • Hydrogen bond and π-π interaction were proved to be the main adsorption mechanism. • Ch-MHCP holds great application prospect in adsorption of a variety of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose-based biomaterials have gained significant attention in various fields, especially in medical and pharmaceutical areas, due to their unique properties, including non-toxicity, high specific surface area, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and abundant feasible and sophisticated strategies for functional modification. The biosafety of nanocellulose itself is a prerequisite to ensure the safe and effective application of biomaterials as they interact with living cells, tissues, and organs at the nanoscale. Potential residual endogenous impurities and exogenous contaminants could lead to the failure of the intended functionalities or even serious health complications if they are not adequately removed and assessed before use. This review summarizes the sources of impurities in nanocellulose that may pose potential hazards to their biosafety, including endogenous impurities that co-exist in the cellulosic raw materials themselves and exogenous contaminants caused by external exposure. Strategies to reduce or completely remove these impurities are outlined and classified as chemical, physical, biological, and combined methods. Additionally, key points that require careful consideration in the interpretation of the biosafety evaluation outcomes were discussed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the nanocellulose-based biomaterials in medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution caused by bisphenol A (BPA) has become the world problem. Designing and preparing cost-effective and biodegradable sorbents for the effectively adsorptive removal of bisphenol A from wastewater is of immense significance. Herein, a natural polysaccharide (chitin) was used as raw materials to be grafted with styrene (GS), then crosslinked with α,α'-dichloro-p-xylene (DCX) to form the hyper-crosslinked polymer (labeled as CGS@DCX). The CGS@DCX showed high adsorptive affinity for bisphenol A, with adsorption capacity of 441 mg g−1. Various studies gave an insight into the adsorption process, demonstrating that the highly efficient adsorption of BPA by the CGS@DCX is mainly based on the π-π stacking, hydrogen-bond interaction, polar interaction and pore adsorption. Moreover, the CGS@DCX had high chemical stability, good reusability (9 cycles) and fast adsorption kinetics (10 min) for adsorption of BPA. This work provides a promising strategy for the design and synthesis of novel yet eco-friendly sorbents to solve environmental problems. • A bio-sorbent, CGS@DCX, is prepared using natural chitin as raw material. • CGS@DCX displays large adsorption capacity and fast adsorption rate towards BPA. • Multiple interaction forces promote the BPA adsorption on the CGS@DCX bio-sorbent. • The CGS@DCX exhibited good application prospect for removal of other pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]