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We report the preparation of both control chitosan and magnetic chitosan beads as biosorbents using chitosan as matrix and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) nanoparticles as reinforcement followed by detailed advanced characterization. The batch trials were performed to study the adsorption kinetics of biosorbents by removing As(III) and As(V) species from water systems. The experimental data was inserted into Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms to undertake the mechanism and adsorption capacity of the test biosorbents. Under Langmuir's isotherm, maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (q max) of the biosorbent was observed to be 73.69 and 79.49 mg/g for As(III) and As(V) species, respectively, under specified conditions. The optimum doses of 1.5 and 2 g/L of MCBB at pH 6.7 showed 99.5 and 99% removal of As(V) and As(III), respectively. The analysis demonstrated that the biosorption process obeyed pseudo 2nd order kinetics with linear regression coefficient (R2) of >0.999. The regeneration and reusability of biosorbents were also assessed. Unlabelled Image • We synthesized Fe 3 O 4 NPs mediated chitosan beads as biosorbent for As removal from water. • Purpose was to enhance As removal efficiency and reusability of the resultant biosorbent. • The sorption of As species on the prepared beads obeyed pseudo-second order kinetics. • Langmuir's isotherm best-fitted on the data based on high linear regression coefficient (R2 > 0.999). • The prepared beads could be used as biosorbent for effective As removal from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the influence of different concentrations of three fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids) on improving the physicochemical, barrier, mechanical, thermal and surface properties of Salvia macrosiphon seed gum (SSG) edible films was investigated. The results revealed that the selected fatty acids promoted an increase in hydrophobicity of SSG films; characterized by significantly lower moisture uptake, solubility, water vapour permeability, and considerably higher contact angles. The opacity and tensile strength of SSG films increased by addition of the fatty acids, while elongation at break decreased. The estimated values of surface free energy inferred that dispersive component of surface energy increase by incorporation of the fatty acid, whereas its polar component decreased. Among the selected fatty acids, the efficiency of oleic acid on improving the characteristics of films was higher than saturated fatty acids, i.e., palmitic and stearic acids. Concluding, incorporation of fatty acids to SSG films seems to be necessary to fabricate films with lower affinity to water, especially for those applications that require less hydrophilic films. • A novel biodegradable edible film was characterized. • Fatty acids effectively improved barrier properties of SSG films. • Water affinity of SSG films reduced considerably by fatty acids. • Emulsified SSG films exhibited hydrophobic surface. • Efficiency of oleic acid was greater than palmitic and stearic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, multi-layer wound dressing was made of laminated layers of electrospun fibers supported by adhesive sheet. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-Ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate (EHA) onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was conducted to obtain an adhesive sheet with 1.52 (N/cm2) loop tack, 1.7 (N/cm) peel strength and 25 s shear strength. Diclofenac sodium, anti-inflammatory drug, was loaded to the adhesive sheet with encapsulation efficiency 73%. The contact layer to wound was made of synthesized anti-bleeding agents, chitosan iodoacetamide (CI) loaded into electrospun poly v inyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. It was fabricated from fiber diameter 300 nm by electrospinning of 5% wt/ v of CI (D.S. 18.7%) mixed with 10% wt/v PVA, at 20 kV and 17 cm airgap. The second, pain-relief layer was fabricated by encapsulating up to 50% wt/wt of capsaicin into gelatin nanofibers (197 nm) crosslinked by glyoxal. The third, antimicrobial layer was fabricated from PVA electrospun fibers loaded with 2% wt/wt gentamicin. Biocompatibility test showed insignificant adverse effects of the fabricated layers on fibroblast cells. Animal test on rat showed accelerated wound healing from 21 to 7 days for the multi-layer dressing. Histopathological findings corroborated the intactness of the epidermis layer of the treated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of β-cell function and β-cell death is the key feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One hypothesis for the mechanism of this feature is amyloid formation by the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP). Despite the global prevalence of T2DM, there are no therapeutic strategies for the treatment of or prevention of amylin amyloidosis. Clinical trials and population studies indicate the healthy virtues of the Mediterranean diet, especially the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) found in this diet. This oil is enriched in phenolic compounds shown to be effective against several aging and lifestyle diseases. Oleuropein (Ole), one of the most abundant polyphenols in EVOO, has been reported to be anti-diabetic. Some of Ole's main derivative have attracted our interest due to their multi-targetted effects, including interference with amyloid aggregation path. However, the structure-function relationship of Ole and its metabolites in T2DM are not yet clear. We report here a broad biophysical approach and cell biology techniques that enabled us to characterize the different molecular mechanisms by which tyrosol (TYR), hydroxytyrosol (HT), oleuropein (Ole) and oleuropein aglycone (OleA) modulate the hIAPP fibrillation in vitro and their effects on cell cytotoxicity. The OleA formed by enolic acid and hydroxytyrosol moiety was found to be more active than the Ole and HT at low micromolar concentrations. We further demonstrated that OleA inhibit the cytotoxicity induced by hIAPP aggregates by protecting more the cell membrane from permeabilization and then from death. These findings highlight the benefits of consuming EVOO and the great potential of its polyphenols, mainly OleA. Moreover, they support the possibility to validate and optimize the possible pharmacological use of EVOO polyphenols for T2DM prevention and therapy and also for many other amyloid related diseases. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study relates to form a self-assembled coating on cotton fabric using layer-by-layer (L-B-L) technique to impart antimicrobial property. Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and synthesised silver loaded chitosan (CS-Ag) nanoparticles were used as anionic and cationic agents, respectively, for the L-B-L electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes. The alternate L-B-L deposition of PSS and CS-Ag nanoparticles on fabric was done up to 15 bi-layers, which was confirmed by measuring the change in depth of colour of fabric after each single layer deposition. Scanning electron micrographs showed the successful deposition of CS-Ag nanoparticles as the topmost surface layer of coated fabric, which was further reaffirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Results of both qualitative and quantitative analysis showed enhancement in the antibacterial activity of fabric coated L-B-L with CS-Ag nanoparticles (using minimal loading of silver) with respect to that of fabric coated L-B-L with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles. This was further substantiated by sustained release of Ag+ from fabric coated L-B-L with CS-Ag nanoparticles, as observed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Besides, no adverse effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the fabric, such as air-permeability, tensile strength and bending (flexural) rigidity, was observed after L-B-L coating of nanoparticles. Unlabelled Image • Synthesis of silver loaded chitosan (CS-Ag) nanoparticles • Layer-by-layer (L-B-L) coating of synthesised CS-Ag nanoparticles on cotton fabric • 100% antibacterial activity of CS-Ag nanoparticle coated fabric against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria • Sustained release of Ag+ from CS-Ag nanoparticle coated fabric • No adverse effect of L-B-L coating on physical properties of fabric [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we prepared a series of edible blend films of xanthan and curdlan by mixing different ratios of these two biopolymers. Characterization techniques like FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM analysis were applied to investigate the newly formed films. Moreover, mechanical properties, moisture absorbance properties and water solubility of these films were also determined. The obtained results demonstrated that the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding was observed between xanthan and curdlan at pH 5. At this pH, the xanthan-curdlan hydrogel retained the original structure of xanthan and sustained self-aggregation of xanthan chains via hydrogen bonding, which led to strong intermolecular bonding between xanthan and curdlan. Furthermore, the 5:5 and 4:6 ratios of xanthan and curdlan showed greater interaction in the blend films that resulted in their excellent miscibility. Moreover, highest tensile strength of 28.13 and 26.45 MPa were also found in the same rational of XG/CG blend films. In addition, it was observed that the curdlan incorporation improved the water solubility properties of XG/CG blend films. Conclusively, this xanthan/curdlan nexus with excellent mechanical and moisture barrier properties confirm its potential application and prospective use as food packaging material. Unlabelled Image • Xanthan-Curdlan nexus for preparing edible food packaging films • Exploration of optimum pH for the synthesis of XG/CG blend films • Curdlan incorporation improved water solubility properties of XG/CG blend films. • Enhancement in the Tensile strength of XG/CG blend films [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe effects of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) could not be ignored and they must be eliminated prior to their release to the environment. In this study, cellulosic sisal fibre was modified simultaneously by polypyrrole-polyaniline nanoparticles and it was employed as a cost-effective, non-toxic nano bio-composite for the elimination of ibuprofen. It was characterized by SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD. Parameters were tested in the form of the one-factor-at-a-time method. These parameters were contact time, pH, initial ibuprofen concentration, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed, and temperature and the optimized conditions obtained were 60 min, 5, 30 mg/L, 150 mg, 200 rpm, and 313 K, respectively and ibuprofen removal efficiency reached 88%. Furthermore, Kinetics data were fitted on the Pseudo-second model (R2 0.9991), indicating a chemisorption process. The Isothermal study demonstrated that Sips assumptions had the greatest R2 value in the examined temperatures (R2 0.9985 at 298 K). Energy site distribution revealed that at the higher temperature more binding sites were activated on the modified cellulosic Sisal, resulted in greater adsorption capacity, with the highest capacity of 19.45 mg/g (based on the Langmuir model) at 313 K. Modified cellulosic Sisal can be concluded to be a cost-effective, prominent, and efficient adsorbent for ibuprofen removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of two pretreatments (microwaves or oven-drying) on the dogfish (Squalus acanthias) skin as well as two drying processes (freeze-drying or spray-drying) on the extracted gelatins were studied. Thus six types of gelatins were obtained, three of which were freeze-dried (FG) and the others were spray-dried (SG), from the untreated skin (US), microwaves-pretreated skin (MS) and oven-pretreated skin (OS). The highest yield (8.67%) was obtained for the OSFG, while the lowest one (3.06%) was measured for the OSSG. Interestingly, all gelatins exhibited relatively high protein (84.02–89.53%), and low lipid (0.50–1.71%) and ash (3.05–7.17%) contents. In addition, gelatins were analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared and the spectra displayed important differences in some specific peaks, particularly in the amide I, amide II and amide III. The gelatins extracted from the untreated skin, regardless the drying method, presented the highest foaming capacity. The textural profile analysis showed that USSG was the hardest (213.6 g) and the chewier (23.8 N × mm) gelatin. Moreover, analysis of thermal properties showed that USSG also has the highest glass-transition temperature. The interesting properties of gelatin extracted from dogfish skin encourage their future use as a functional ingredient in industrial food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) display both peripheral tissue and brain insulin resistance, the later could be a potential risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. While certain degree of inflammation is required for inducing insulin resistance, underlying mechanism(s) remains unclear. Evidence from diverse research domains suggest that elevated intracellular fatty acids of de novo pathway can induce insulin resistance even without triggering inflammation; however, the effect of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) could be detrimental due the development of proinflammatory cues. In this context, evidence suggest that while lipid/fatty acid accumulation is a characteristic feature of brain pathology in AD, dysregulated de novo lipogenesis could be a potential source for lipid/fatty acid accumulation. Therefore, therapies aimed at regulating de novo lipogenesis could be effective in improving insulin sensitivity and cognitive function in patients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of adding various concentrations (0 %, 1 %, 2 %, and 3 %) of peach gum (PG) to films made from polyethylene oxide (PEO) combined with Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) to be utilized as active packaging for food in the future. The findings showed that the film containing PG 2 % concentration had the best physic-mechanical properties. In films made with PG, the glass transition temperature was significantly improved. Combining PG and PEO resulted in films that were brighter in color, had lower WVP values, and had the lowest water activity. Furthermore, XRD demonstrated that PG additions were compatible with the film of PEO blended with LCEO. The PG films formulated with PG presented high antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Wrapping beef with P2G2 film led to maintaining its quality with suitable levels of pH, TBARS, and TVB-N. This also decreased the number of E. coli and S. aureus in beef throughout the storage period. The results indicate that adding PG to PEO films enhances their suitability for food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature storage of citrus generally extends the storage potential but leads to chilling injury appearance on the rind of fruits. The said physiological disorder has been found associated with changes in the metabolism of cell walls and other attributes. In this work, the influence of Arabic gum [AG (10 %)] and γ-amminobutyric acid [GABA (10 mmol L−1)] either alone or in combined form was studied on fruits of 'Kinnow' mandarin during storage at 5 ± 1 °C for 60 days. The results exhibited that the combined AG + GABA treatment significantly suppressed weight loss (5.13 %), chilling injury (CI) symptoms (2.41 score), incidence of disease (13.33 %), respiration rate [(4.81 μmol kg−1 h−1) RPR] and ethylene production [(0.86 nmol kg−1 h−1) EPR]. In addition, AG + GABA application reduced relative electrolyte (37.89 %) leakage (REL), malondialdehyde [(25.99 nmol kg−1) MDA], superoxide anion [(15.23 nmol min−1 kg−1) O 2 •−] and hydrogen peroxide [(27.08 nmol kg−1) H 2 O 2 ] along with lower lipoxygenase [(23.81 U mg−1 protein) LOX] and phospholipase D [(14.07 U mg−1 protein) PLD] enzyme activities compared with control. The AG + GABA treated 'Kinnow' group showed higher glutamate decarboxylase [(43.18 U mg−1 protein) GAD] and lower GABA transaminase [(15.93 U mg−1 protein) GABA-T] activity having higher endogenous GABA (42.02 mg kg−1) content. The fruits treated with AG + GABA exhibited higher cell walls (CW) components such as Na 2 CO 3 -soluble pectin [(6.55 g kg−1) NCSP], chelate-soluble pectin [(7.13 g kg−1) CSP] and protopectin [(11.03 g kg−1) PRP] concentrations along with lower water-soluble pectin [(10.64 g kg−1) WSP] compared to control. In addition, 'Kinnow' fruits treated with AG + GABA showed higher firmness (8.63 N) and lower activities of CW degrading such as cellulase [(11.23 U mg−1 protein) CX], polygalacturonase [(22.59 U mg−1 protein) PG], pectin methylesterase [(15.61 U mg−1 protein) PME] and β-galactosidase [(20.64 U mg−1 protein) β-Gal] enzymes. The activity of catalase [(41.56 U mg−1 protein) CAT], ascorbate peroxidase [(55.57 U mg−1 protein) APX], superoxide dismutase [(52.93 U mg−1 protein) SOD] and peroxidase [(31.02 U mg−1 protein) POD] was also higher in combined treatment. In addition, AG + GABA treated fruits showed better biochemical and sensory attributes than the control. So, combined AG + GABA could be used for CI mitigation and storage life prolongation of 'Kinnow' fruits. • Arabic gum (AG) and γ-amminobutyric acid (GABA) effect was studied on Kinnow fruits. • AG + GABA treated fruits showed lower chilling injury, mass loss and disease incidence. • The combination reduced oxidative stress and inhibited LOX and PLD enzymes activity. • AG + GABA conserved cell wall components with lower CX, PG, PME and β-Gal activity. • AG + GABA maintained antioxidant activities with better biochemical and sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) was physically modified with fly ash (FA) powder and subjected to chemical cross-linking reaction with tripolyphosphate (TPP) to produce a cross-linked CS-TPP/FA composite as adsorbent for removal of reactive orange 120 (RR120) dye. Different ratios of FA such as 25% FA particles (CS-TPP/FA-25) and 50% FA particles (CS-TPP/FA-50) were loaded into the molecular structure of CS-TPP. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimize the input variables that affected the synthesis of the adsorbent and the adsorption of RR120 dye. These variables included FA loading (A: 0–50%), adsorbent dose (B: 0.04–0.1 g), solution pH (C: 4–10), temperature (D: 30 °C–60 °C), and time (E: 30–90 min). Results revealed that the highest removal (88.8%) of RR120 dye was achieved by CS-TPP/FA-50 at adsorbent dosage of 0.07 g, solution of pH 4, temperature of 45 °C, and time of 60 min. The adsorption equilibrium was described by the Freundlich model, with 165.8 mg/g at 45 °C as the maximum adsorption capacity of CS-TPP/FA-50 for RR120 dye. This work introduces CS-TPP/FA-50 as an ideal composite adsorbent for removal of textile dyes from the aqueous environment. • Crosslinked chitosan- tripolyphosphate was modified by fly ash (CS-TPP/FA) • The synthesis conditions were optimized by Box–Behnken design • The CS-TPP/FA was used for adsorption of reactive orange 120 (RR120). • The adsorption capacity for RR120 dye was 165.8 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative pathogens has become a global concern for health workers worldwide. In one of our earlier studies, a Klebsiella pneumoniae -carbapenemase-2 producing strain was induced with meropenem to explore differentially expressed proteins under induced and uninduced conditions. There is, LysM domain BON family protein, was found over 12-fold expressed under the induced state. A hypothesis was proposed that LysM domain protein might have an affinity towards carbapenem antibiotics making them unavailable to bind with their target. Hence, we initiated a study to understand the binding mode of carbapenem with LysM domain protein. MICs of imipenem and meropenem against LysM clone were increased by several folds as compared to NP-6 clinical strain as well as DH5 α (PET-28a KPC-2) clone. This study further revealed a strong binding of both antibiotics to LysM domain protein. Molecular simulation studies of LysM domain protein with meropenem and imipenem for 80 ns has also showed stable structure. We concluded that overexpressed LysM domain under induced condition interacted with carbapenems, leading to enhanced resistance as proved by high MIC values. Hence, the study proved the proposed hypothesis that the LysM domain plays a significant role in the putative mechanism of antibiotics resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) has been considered as a promising biopolymer produced in certain microbes under specific fermentative and physiological conditions. Being less functional, hydrophobic and brittle, the processability of PHB is difficult which limits its widespread applications. However, its blends with suitable biopolymers, for instance biopolyesters, may impart in them desirable structural functionalities and properties, such as surface reactivity, amphiphilicity, controlled degradation and mechanical strength; thus making them inevitable candidates for biomedical applications. Herein, various chemical modification approaches have been discussed and analyzed including hydroxylation, aminolysis, block copolymerization (via either grafting or blending) with suitable biopolymers. The mentioned approaches may tune the mechanical and other desirable properties of resultant blends for value added biomedical applications particularly in drug delivery, tissue engineering and so on. Furthermore, some key areas have been highlighted where the future research may be focused. Unlabelled Image • Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) have become promising degradable biopolymers. • In native forms, they are hydrophobic and lack chemical functionality. • Chemical modification introduces specific functional groups on the surface of biocomposites. • This review covers chemistry of PHB based blends formation with biomedical potential. • Some key areas have been highlighted where the future research in this domain may be focused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was concerned with preparation of mesoporous starch (MPS) as a carrier for genistein, a model of poorly water-soluble phytoestrogen isoflavone; and exploration of the impact of different fabrication parameters on structural and loading properties. MPS is considered as a highly porous biomaterial which typically possesses nanometer-sized porous microstructure and low density, providing a large effective specific surface area (SSA) and hydrophilic surface to improve solubility, stability and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble active agents. To fabricate MPS, various concentrations (8–14% w / v) of starch from different sources (corn, potato and tapioca) was used for gel formation and the successive solvent exchange process was performed with use of various ethanol concentrations (40–70% v /v), which were then dried by different techniques (rotary vacuum evaporation, microwave and freeze drying). MPS quality attributes such as SSA, total porous volume, BJH pore diameter and swelling ratio were determined and effects of the fabrication parameters were investigated using L9-Taguchi orthogonal array design. The results indicate that second order polynomial regression models were well fitted for all response variables. Interestingly, the starch components greatly influenced physical properties of MPS. Also, the drying type and ethanol concentration altered significantly the model equations. The overall best fabrication condition (14% corn starch, 100% ethanol concentration in aging step and rotary vacuum drying) resulted in favorable MPS preparation with mean size of 105.4 nm and unimodal distribution. In the next step, genistein was encapsulated in MPS microstructure at different ratios, resulting in high loading capacity and efficiency (44.71% and 79.9%, respectively) at 1:1 weight ratio. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm of genistein was evaluated also by four different kinetics models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherms. The experimental data were found to be fitted well to the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.989). According to the electron microscopy and XRD analysis, the degree of genistein crystallinity lowered remarkably after the impregnation in to MPS, indicating improved solubility. In-vitro release profile of genistein from MPS in the simulated gastrointestinal buffer solutions (pH 1.2 and 6.8) demonstrated that incorporating genistein into the MPS enhanced the dissolution rate compared with genistein powder. Release kinetic data were fitted to the Higuchi model (R2 = 0.98), indicating diffusion-controlled release mechanism. Altogether, well-tuned MPS fabrication method can be utilized for an efficient encapsulation and dissolution enhancement of poorly soluble phytochemicals, such as genistein. Unlabelled Image • Different starch sources compared for use in multi-stage fabrication of mesoporous starch (MPS). • MPS fabrication-related process parameters were investigated using L9-Taguchi orthogonal array design. • Optimized MPS preparation can load poorly soluble phytochemicals such as genistein. • High capacity loading of genistein was attained by the solid dispersion method. • High dissolution rate of the loaded genistein in MPS can result in an enhanced oral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we develop homogeneous hydrogel networks containing zinc tetraamino-phthalocyanine (ZnTAPc) as photosensitizer cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The cross-linking process occurs via imine bond formation by reaction of NH 2 groups of ZnTAPc and chitosan with aldehyde groups of the glutaraldehyde. Insertion of ZnTAPc interestingly increases its solubility in water medium. 2.0% and 4% w/w of the ZnTAPc were used with respect to chitosan polymer to generate hydrogel photosensitizer. FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and rheological measurements were applied to evaluate the properties of the prepared hydrogels. Finally, difloxacin HCl was selected as a fluoroquinolone drug for the assessment of the drug release features of the made hydrogels. The difloxacin release was affected by the amount of ZnTAPc and pH medium. The activity of the hydrogels in photosensitizing process was considered by computing the rate of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran adsorption reduction as a singlet oxygen chemical quencher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) binding peptide was used for targeted delivery of curcumin to high PDL1-expressing breast cancer cells. Human serum albumin-curcumin nanoparticles (HSA/Cur NP) were first prepared by desolvation method and then functionalized with PDL1 binding peptide. Peptide conjugation to HSA/Cur NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopy. The formation of HSA/Cur NP was characterized by transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The size and zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering. The average particle size of the HSA/Cur NPs and peptide-HSA/Cur NPs were 197 and 246.5 nm, respectively. Evaluation of cellular uptake showed enhanced internalization of peptide-HSA/Cur NPs in high PDL1-expressing cancer cells compared to HSA/Cur NPs. The cell viability and apoptosis determination demonstrated higher cytotoxicity of HSA/Cur NPs relative to free curcumin in breast cancer cells. Peptide conjugation to HSA/Cur NPs increased cytotoxicity significantly concerning high PDL1-expressing breast cancer cells. In conclusion, peptide-HSA/Cur NPs improved cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of HSA/Cur NPs in high PDL1-expressing breast cancer cells. These results suggest that PDL1 has potential to be used as a target for selective drug delivery and promising candidate for the treatment of PDL1-expressing breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important member of the antioxidant defense system and is proposed as a therapeutic agent against the ROS-mediated diseases, and a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Saffron carotenoids, crocin (Cro) and crocetin (Crt), are antioxidants with anticancer activity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Cro/Crt on the SOD activity in both in vivo and in vitro models of breast cancer. Both Cro and Crt showed strong radical scavenging activity and SOD inhibition in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The UVVis, circular dichroism and fluorometry studies proposed the binding of both Cro and Crt with SOD; the ΔG° of binding at 310 °K was −8.6 and −4.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The docking analysis predicted the Cro/Crt binding near the active site channel, but in different sites. According to the obtained data, Cro inhibits SOD activity by scavenging superoxide radical (O 2), while Crt inhibits SOD by affecting the copper-binding site. In contrast to the in vitro data, both Cro and Crt effectively increased SOD activity in breast tumors of BALB/c mice, after one month of treatment. The mechanism that is important to compensate for the SOD decreased activity in cancer. • Cro/Crt inhibited SOD activity in vitro and in MCF-7 cell line. • Cro/Crt increased SOD activity in the mice models of breast cancer. • Cro/Crt shows the radical scavenging activity in vitro. • They induce some changes in the SOD structure and kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to explore the hydrophobicity and concentration dependence of imidazolium based surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) effects on the structural-functional integrity of proteins. Specifically, we investigated the impact of SAILs viz. 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ([OMIM][DBS]) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecylbenzenesulfonate ([DDMIM][DBS]) on activity, structure and stability of lysozyme. Activity measurements revealed that, in contrast to [DDMIM][DBS] that renders lysozyme either feebly active or inactive, [OMIM][DBS] significantly enhances the lysozyme activity in the concentration range of critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) to C s (SAIL saturation concentration of protein backbone) i.e., 0.5 mM–1.35 mM. Tensiometric results in agreement with turbidity measurements inferred significant composition and concentration dependence of the lysozyme-SAIL interactions. Spectroscopic investigations revealed that compared to destabilizing behaviour of [DDMIM][DBS], [OMIM][DBS] significantly enhances both conformational as well as thermal stability of lysozyme in the CAC to C s concentration regime. Altogether, results obtained do indicate that [OMIM][DBS], in the concentration regime of CAC to C s , serves as an efficient stabiliser with an ability to appreciably enhance the activity, thermal stability and overall conformational stability of lysozyme. We firmly believe that [OMIM][DBS], at least in the CAC to C s concentration ranges, can be exploited as a promising stabiliser and activity enhancer for numerous industrially important enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide comparable hepatic tissue microenvironment and induce functional behavior for hepatocytes, galctosylated-chitosan (GC) as well as collagen (Col) was added to alginate microcapsule coated with extra layer of chitosan. Four different hydrogel groups of alginate/chitosan (AC); alginate-galactosylated chitosan/chitosan (AGC/C); alginate-collagen/chitosan (ACol/C); and alginate-galactosylated chitosan-collagen/chitosan (AGCCol/C) were prepared and characterized for physical properties such as porosity, swelling, degradation rate, and stiffness. Introduction of GC as well as Col to alginate regulated significantly the physical properties of the resultant hydrogels. GC addition decreased dramatically swelling, degradation, pore size and mechanical properties of the resultant hydrogel. However, the influence of GC on the physical properties in the presence of Col (AGCCol/A) was in a reverse manner, as compared to the AGC/C hydrogel. The AGCCol/C microenvironment also promoted proliferation of microencapsulated HepG2 cells, as a model of hepatocyte, compared to the control-matched groups. Biochemical analysis after 10 days revealed a superior effect of AGCCol/C on the secretion of albumin and urea compared to other groups (P < 0.05). These features were coincided with the mRNA up-regulation of P450 and albumin in the AGCCol/C groups compared to the AGC/C and ACol/C groups (P < 0.05). The study demonstrated that enrichment of alginate-based hydrogels with Col and GC could be touted as an appropriate 3D platform for modular hepatic tissue engineering. • Galactosylated chitosan (GC)-alginate microcapsule provides a potential liver building block. • GC regulates significantly physical properties of resultant alginate-based hydrogel. • Collagen addition in presence of GC creates an efficient hepatic microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present investigation was to formulate NAC (N -acetylcysteine)-loaded chitosan (CH)-coated liposome aiming at obtaining an effective formulation able to ensure a prolonged and controlled release of NAC to the lung by inhalation. Empty liposomes [(DPPG/Chol/DPPG with different molar percentages of DPPG) (0, 1, 2.5, 5)] were prepared and coated with CH at different CH/Lipid ratio (0.5, 1, 1.5,2, 2.5, W/W) to reach optimum coating of CH. TEM and SEM indicated that morphology of CH-coated and -uncoated liposomes were spherical. FTIR analysis indicated attachment of CH on liposome surface. The drug release experiment in the simulated lung fluid showed that the CH-uncoated and -coated liposomes released 51% and 38% of NAC during 9 h, respectively. The results showed that coating of liposome with CH resulted in the prolonged release of NAC from CH-coated liposome. The results of flow cytometry indicated the effective uptake of CH-coated liposome compared with the CH-uncoated liposome in epithelial cells. In vivo experiment indicated good deposition and retention of CH–coated liposome in lung in comparison with CH-uncoated liposome. The results of the present study demonstrated that CH-coated liposome may represent a promising carrier for the delivery of NAC to the lungs by inhalation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, starch was modified by a) cross-linking through addition of 3% mixture of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) based on starch weight b) acetylation through addition of 2%, 4% and 6% acetic anhydride based on starch weight c) dual modification i.e. cross-linking using 3% mixture of STMP and STPP followed by acetylation at 2%, 4% and 6% levels based on starch weight. These starches were then used to develop edible films followed by their characterization. Experimental results revealed that films with increased thickness were obtained from acetylated and cross linked starches whereas, dual modified starch films had reduced thickness compared to native starch film. Films from acetylated and dual modified starches retained more moisture compared to native and cross linked starch films while dual modified starches were more water soluble than acetylated and native starch films. All modified starch films were more clear and transparent compared to native starch films. Films from acetylated starches depicted lower tensile strength but they were more elastic and flexible than native and cross linked starch films. In contrast, dual modified starch films showed excellent mechanical properties and lower water permeability compared to native starch film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material of CuS/polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan (CuS/PVACS) was prepared with a novel synthesis analysis. The crystallinity, morphological characteristics, and photocatalytic performance of the nano-materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy X-ray photoelectron, and UV–vis spectrophotometry. The band gap values (Eg) was found as 2.50, and 2.04 eV for CuS, and CuS/PVACS nano-catalyst, respectively. The photo-degradation amount of the malachite green solutions which were degraded by CuS/PVACS in the UV-irradiation in 60 min was above 96.51%. The antibacterial properties of the CuS/PVACS has been evaluated versus (G+/G-) bacteria. The results of antibacterial performance indicated that CuS/PVACS nanocomposites have bacteriostatic behavior versus Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas syringae , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in the environment has emerged as a global and ubiquitous problem. In this study, a novel synthesis of magnetically carbon nanotube modified with biological polymeric was successfully prepared. The effect of different parameters on the Bisphenol A (BPA) adsorption was studied. A prediction model for BPA adsorption was extended based on the Central Composite Design. Also, the prepared biopolymeric nanotubes were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TEM, FE-SEM. The surface morphology of nanocomposite was observed, increased carbon nano tube size, and the levels after surface deposition were completely covered by chitosan proteins. The results of our experiments showed that optimum adsorption conditions was achieved at t = 76 min, BPA concentration 6.5 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 1 g/L and pH = 6.2.The data obtained in this study followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second order model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of nanocomposite for BPA was 46.2 mg/g at 20 °C. This study showed that the adsorption of BPA onto nanocomposite was spontaneous and thermodynamically desirable. • In this study, a novel synthesis of magnetically carbon nanotube modified with biological polymeric was prepared. • The purpose of coating the magnetic nanocomposite with silicon oxide is to prepare it for final coating with chitosan. • A prediction model for BPA adsorption was extended based on th CCD. • The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model, represent best the kinetics and equilibrium adsorption data. • The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of nanocomposite for BPA was 46.2 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the crude polysaccharide from argun palm (Medemia argun) fruit was extracted with hot water and deproteinized by four different methods. Its structure characterization, thermal property and antioxidant activity were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Congo-red, I 2 -KI, DPPH• assay, ABTS•+ assay, TGA and DSC analysis. It indicated that the NaCl method was the best method in deproteinization. The argun fruit polysaccharide linked by the β-glycosidic bonds. The molecular weight of polysaccharide deproteinized with NaCl was 4.46 × 105 Da. It showed that the polysaccharide from argun palm fruit consisted of fructose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and galacturonic acid. The result of TGA and DSC assay indicated that argun fruit polysaccharide has a favorable thermal stability. It was proved that, the argun fruit polysaccharide possessed high antioxidant activity and would be a new natural antioxidant. • The argun fruit polysaccharide was obtained by the hot-water extraction method. • NaCl method was the best deproteinization method for argun fruit polysaccharide. • Argun fruit polysaccharide bonded by β-glycosidic bonds. • Argun fruit polysaccharide had a good antioxidant capacity and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate and phosphate are primary pollutants of water/wastewaters for eutrophication and methemoglobinemia diseases, harshly threatening the security of aquatic environments and human health as well as all living beings. The present work investigates the adsorption performance and mechanism of lanthanum encapsulated chitosan-kaolin clay (LCK) hybrid composite was prepared and utilized for the remediation of nitrate and phosphate from water. The fabricated LCK hybrid composite was characterized using XRD, SEM, BET, EDAX, TGA-DTA and FTIR analysis. The removal of nitrate and phosphate onto the LCK composite defined by pseudo-second-order kinetic model whereas the isotherms are described by Freundlich adsorption isotherm model and thermodynamic experiments showed spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. Results also demonstrated that the LCK hybrid composite exhibited extremely high nitrate and phosphate adsorption capacity and stability which followed the mechanisms by ion exchange, complexation and electrostatic interactions. Adsorption-desorption experiments revealed that the LCK hybrid composite could be potentially reused with maintaining high adsorption efficiency. This study highlights the novel low-cost, eco-friendly and promising adsorbent for efficient denitrification and dephosphorization from water/ wastewater. • The physico-chemical features of LCK hybrid composite characterized by XRD, BET, TGA-DTA, FTIR, EDAX and SEM techniques • The adsorption of nitrate and phosphate was followed by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. • The LCK hybrid composite prepared at optimum conditions could effectively adsorb nitrate and phosphate ions from water. • LCK hybrid composite revealed superior recyclable performance during 5 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, Cu nanoparticles were stabilized on ceria/zirconia (Ce/Zr@Cu0), cellulose acetate (CA@Cu0), and a thin film of cellulose acetate embedded ceria/zirconia (CA-Ce/Zr) designated as CA-Ce/Zr@Cu0. In the presence of a reducing agent, all the catalysts revealed excellent catalytic efficiency in aqueous media for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) and degradation of cationic dyes methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Different order of equations were applied to determine the adjacent R2 value and rate constant. Adjacent R2 values for MB are 9.470, 9.422 and 9.050 and its k app values per minutes are 1.7 × 10−1, 8.3 × 10−2, and 6. 7 × 10−1 with Ce/Zr@Cu0, CA@Cu0, and CA-Ce/Zr@Cu0 derived from the pseudo 1st order kinetics, while in the absence of catalyst the R2 and k app for MB degradation in the presence of NaBH 4 is 0.8643 and 3.4 × 10−3 respectively. Furthermore, regression models, ANOVA and correlation coefficients suggested that all the data are highly significant. The synthesized catalysts were applied for the simultaneous reduction/degradation of mixture of 4-NP-MB, 4-NP-RB and 4-NP-MB-RB mixture to check the practical applicability. Catalytic recyclability of CA-Ce/Zr@Cu0 catalyst dropped till 5th cycle which is due to the leaching of Cu0 NPs. Unlabelled Image • Synthesis and characterization of CA-Ce/Zr thin films • Avoids aggregation by supporting Cu NPs CA-Ce/Zr thin films • Reduction of pollutants • Removal of the mixture of pollutants for the practical implementation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latency of toxic cations in the ecosystem poses serious ecological problems due to its bioaccumulation potential and toxicity to living organisms. The effective removal of these wastewater cations releasing from multi-industries is a bottleneck issue. Therefore, an attempt has been made to design a suitable sorbent for cations sorption from the aqueous environment. The chitosan biopolymer was modified with triethylenetetramine to incorporate active sites in the polymeric sequence to boost up its cations sorption capacity. Triethylenetetramine molecule anchoring chitosan (CH-TET) was authenticated through elemental assay, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C NMR in solid-state, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. The sorption of lead (1.94 mmol g−1), copper (2.79 mmol g−1) and nickel (1.53 mmol g−1) was carried out using the functionalized chitosan from aqueous solution, which showed higher sorption capacity for lead and copper than the pristine chitosan in terms of Langmuir sorption isotherm. To scrutinize the mechanism of sorption and energy of interaction between sorbent and sorbate, Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich isotherm models were used for sorption study. The Langmuir model showed the best fitting to the results based on lower error function values and a higher correlation coefficient (R2). It can be concluded that the triethylenetetramine-modified chitosan might be considered as an effective sorbent for cations removal from industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymol is the major antimicrobial and bioactive constituent found in thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil. In this study, it was aimed to determine the parameters for fabrication of thymol loaded chitosan nanoparticles with optimum encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, and particle size properties using a two-stage emulsion-ionic gelation approach. For this purpose, temperature (25–45 °C) and chitosan (3–6 mg/mL), thymol (3–6 mg/mL), Tween 80 (3–6 mg/mL) and TPP (0.15–0.75 mg/mL) concentrations were studied as optimization parameters by applying the numerical point prediction method. The results showed that the particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of the chitosan nanoparticles could be controlled by processing conditions. Additionally, this study was focused on optimization of these parameters with factorial design (FD) in nanoencapsulation of Thymol. The optimized production parameters on the basis of the criteria of attaining the minimum particle size, maximum zeta potential, and maximum encapsulation efficiency were 42 °C temperature, chitosan rate 3 mg/mL, Thymol rate 5.9 mg/mL, Tween 80 rate 3 mg/mL and TPP rate 0.75 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation aims to evaluate the synergistic effects of amorphous OSA-modified starch, unsaturated lipid-carrier (RBD-SFO), and high-energy microfluidization in synergy with the ultrasonic techniques in fabricating of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LAF-EO) nanoparticle. GC–MS and SEM techniques were employed to investigate the LAF-EO isolation method used. DLS analysis was employed along with CLSM and TEM techniques to investigate the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsion formulation (NE) matrices. The NE achieved the optimal spherical and size distributions of droplets (125.7 nm), Poly Dispersity Index (PdI) (0.183), and ζ -potential (−40.3 mV) when the contents of the formulation matrix were as follows: OSA-MS (2%), LAF-EO (1%), RBD-SFO (1%), and Tween-80 (1%). The findings of this work provide a new concept about the synergistic effects of amorphous OSA-modified starch and unsaturated lipid carrier as safe-grade macromolecules in the fabricating of LAF-EO nanoparticles. Besides, the application of the ultrasound cavitation phenomenon has been shown to have effective effect in reducing the droplet hydrodynamic diameter along with enhancing the distribution (PdI) and electrokinetic potential of the LAF-EO nanoparticles. • Nanoparticles of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil were successfully fabricated. • OSA-modified starch has been used efficiently as a surfactant and wall material. • RBD sunflower oil can prevent the Ostwald ripening in the fabricated nanoemulsion. • Ultrasound treatment can lead to enhancing physiochemical properties of nanoemulsion. • Nanoparticles of L. angustifolia essential oil showed high anti-free radical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apples (Rich Red) were coated with wheat straw arabinoxylan (AX) and β-glucan stearic acid ester (SABG) composite coating material in the concentration range of 1–2%. The postharvest storage life of coated apples was studied at 22 °C (±2) with 65% and 85% relative humidity for 45 days. Application of both AX-SABG (1–2%) and shellac (1–2%) coatings material significantly reduced the weight loss, respiration process, color degradation, process of fruit softening and ripening index as compared to the uncoated apples up to 30 days storage. However, the AX-SABG coatings were found more effective in preventing the aroma loss, reducing microbial spoilage and maintaining sensorial attributes as compared to shellac and uncoated apples during storage. • Composite coatings were prepared from arabinoxylan and β-glucan stearic acid ester. • Composite coating emulsions (1–2%) were applied on apple Rich Red surface. • Surface coating maintained the postharvest quality of apple up to 30 days at 22 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The rheology-network-function relationship of biopolymers blend was studied. • The compatibility of intact & disturbed samples was evaluated by Gibbs free energy. • Medium amplitude sweep test (MAOS) recorded as fingerprint spectrum of materials. • All studied properties were classified into four fundamental network parameters. Some rheological, thermodynamic and functional properties of selected hydrocolloids (xanthan gum-cress seed gum (XG-CSG)) blends at different ratios (1-0, 3-1, 1-1, 1-3, 0-1) were characterized to understand physically the biopolymers interaction and networks. XG showed a greater rigidity (elastic modulus, G ′ LVE = 58.60 Pa), total structural strength (complex modulus, G* LVE = 70.69 Pa), yield stress (limiting value of stress, τ L = 7.58 Pa), emulsion capacity (EC = 6.78%) and foam stability (FC = 18.92%) than CSG (G ′ LVE = 7.05 Pa, G* LVE = 8.53 Pa, τ L = 1.44 Pa, EC = 86.48% and FC = 14.98%), respectively. Among blends, 3-1 XG-CSG showed the highest G* LVE , foaming stability (FS) and the extent of recovery (R r %). The results were summarized using the clustering technique and principal component analyses. The coefficient of the interaction of some parameters, Cole-Cole plots and Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG) of predisturbed and intact networks were investigated. In samples with an intact network, greater compatibility directly related to the extent of synergistic interaction, while in predisturbed samples, the lower compatibility directly related to the extent of synergistic interaction. Although all blends were highly incompatible with antagonistic behavior, 1-1 XG-CSG showed the lowest incompatibility (ΔG = 8028.60 J/mol) among samples with intact structure, while at disrupted state, 1-3 XG-CSG showed the lowest incompatibility (ΔG = 158.6 J/mol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Citric acid modified CWS starches were prepared by alcoholic alkaline treatment. • Citric acid modified CWS starches showed lower retrogradation tendency. • All CWS starches showed viscoelastic behaviour (G′ > G″). • Starch citrates showed higher G′ value at lower frequency. • Citric acid modified CWS starches were more heat and shear stable than their native counterparts. This study investigated the impact of citric acid modification combined with alcoholic-alkaline treatment on physicochemical, textural and rheological properties of sorghum and corn starches. Both starches were modified with citric acid (CA) using concentrations (20 and 40%) w/w and were named as SCA and CCA, respectively. SEM analysis revealed that CA modified CWS (cold water-soluble) starches had cracks and more sharp edges as compared to their native counterparts. In FTIR spectra a new peak at 1730.50 cm−1 and 1733.12 cm−1 confirmed formation of distarch esters for SCA40 and CCA40. Increase in swelling power of CWS starches was observed after citric acid modification. Textural analysis showed that SCA20 and SCA40 formed smooth and soft gels suggesting reduced retrogradation tendency of these starches. The broader linear viscoelastic region of CCA40 and SCA40 indicated high shear resistance and well dispersed behavior of CWS citrates. Moreover, it was observed that all CWS starches showed increase in storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) values at higher frequencies indicating elastic behavior. CA modification conferred heat and shear stability to starches. This study provides the basic knowledge for the application of CA modified CWS starches in many instant, refrigerated and frozen food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycation is a non-enzymatic reaction between carbonyl groups in sugar and free amino groups in proteins. This reaction leads to changes in structure and functions of proteins in which the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the final outcome and cause many complications in diabetic patients. We herein examined the effect of fasting on the glycation process of human Carbonic anhydrase II under physiological conditions (37 °C and pH 7.4) employing various techniques, including Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and CD Spectroscopy. We found an increased 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate upon fasting. We studied various samples of control carbonic anhydrase (without glucose and 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate), carbonic anhydrase with glucose, carbonic anhydrase treated with 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and carbonic anhydrase along with glucose and 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate. The samples were incubated for 35 days under physiological conditions. Our results indicated that 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibited the glycation process, decreased glucose binding to the protein, prevented the formation of AGEs, and modified the enzyme activity. Our findings would open new windows toward the enzymatic procedure which would have profound implication in understanding the diabetes mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to design photo-triggered micelles by using a natural base polymer. Chitosan was functionalized with thiourea, and in the next step, it was modified by grafting poly(l -lactide), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and poly(acrylamide) in determined ratio to form thermo-sensitive micelles. The sulfur content of chitosan@thiourea was measured about 2%. Grafting of polymers on chitosan was characterized by FT-IR and NMR techniques. The critical micellar concentration was measured by using photo luminescence spectroscopy. The size and surface morphology experiments revealed that average size of micelles is about 14 nm, and the length and width of GNRs are about 65 and 19 nm, respectively. The percent of conjugated GNRs to the micelles was about 11%. The conjugation of gold nanorods onto micelles, through gold-thiolate complex formation, induces photo sensitivity to the nano-vehicle. The exposure of NIR light creates local heat by GNRs, shrinkage of thermal-sensitive moiety of micelles, and drug release, simultaneously. Drug release studies demonstrated that at a determined time, paclitaxel was released 38% after exposure to NIR light compared to 15 and 35% in 37 and 45 °C, respectively. The cytotoxicity tests of Paclitaxel loaded micelles were carried out by MTT assay against MCF7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment is a critical problem that should be considered before the design of immunotherapies. Interleukin (IL)-6 and its related downstream molecules such as signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 play an important role in the cancer progression, which can be considered as potential therapeutic targets. In the present study, we generated the active-targeted hyaluronate (HA) recoated N , N , N -trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver IL-6- and STAT3-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the CD44-expressing cancer cells. We utilized the interaction between HA and CD44 to increase the specificity and efficacy of cellular uptake in NPs. The results showed that the synthesized NPs had efficient physicochemical characteristics, high transfection efficiency, low toxicity, and controlled siRNA release. siRNA-loaded NPs significantly inhibited the IL-6/STAT3 expression, which was associated with blockade of proliferation, colony formation, migration, and angiogenesis in cancer cells. These findings imply the potential of HA-TMC NPs as potent vectors in gene therapy and their application for the silencing of IL-6 and STAT3, as a novel anti-cancer combination therapeutic strategy, for the first time. • Hyaluronate recoating of trimethyl chitosan increased cellular uptake and stability of them. • IL-6- and STAT3-siRNA loaded HA-TMC NPs effectively downregulate IL-6/STAT3 axis. • IL-6/STAT3 axis silencing significantly inhibited cancer cells progression and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, graphene oxide-chitosan (GO-CS) and graphene oxide-chitosan-ZnO (GO-CS-ZnO) hybrids were synthesized in order to examine the effectiveness of hybridization in enhancing the corrosion inhibition activity of graphene oxide (GO). In this way, the synthesized GO and nano-hybrids were firstly characterized by using FTIR, UV–Vis, FE-SEM, AFM, TEM and subsequently were studied in term of corrosion inhibition. Our primary results indicated that, single-layer GO, GO-CS hybrids and also GO-CS-ZnO ternary nano-hybrids were appropriately synthesized. The corrosion inhibition results demonstrated superior performance of GO-CS hybrids than pure GO. In addition, GO-CS-ZnO ternary nano-hybrids revealed the highest corrosion inhibition activity compared with all nano-materials studied here. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of GO (η = 42.35%) was enhanced to 83.81% and 85.61% for GO-CS and GO-CS-ZnO nanocomposites in 500 ppm conc., respectively. Generally, our results demonstrated that hybridization strategy successfully promoted the corrosion inhibition efficiency of GO. Furthermore, Langmuir isotherm was used in three methods (PDP, EIS and LPR) to study the adsorption of synthesized nano-materials on mild steel. • Graphene oxide-chitosan-ZnO (GO-CS-ZnO) hybrids were synthesized. • Nano-hybrids were characterized by using FTIR, UV-Vis, FE-SEM, AFM, TEM. • GO-CS-ZnO ternary nano-hybrids revealed the highest corrosion inhibition activity on mild steel. • Langmuir isotherm was used to study the adsorption of nano-hybrids on mild steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The intrinsic viscosity of PLSM was decreased by an increase in salt (NaCl and CaCl 2) concentration. • Calcium ions had a more pronounced effect on PLSM molecular parameters in comparison with sodium ions. • PLSM solutions represented weak gel-like behavior at all tested ion types and concentrations. • The viscoelastic moduli of PLSM steadily increased with the addition of salts. The effects of NaCl and CaCl 2 (0–200 mM) on the rheological properties of Plantago lanceolata seed mucilage (PLSM) as a novel potential source of polysaccharide gum were investigated in this study. Furthermore, FTIR analysis was measured to supply more structural information. The FTIR spectra revealed that PLSM with the presence of glycoside bonds and carboxyl and hydroxyl groups behave like a typical polyelectrolyte. It was observed that the gum solutions exhibited viscoelastic properties under the given conditions and the addition of salts had significant affection on the rheological parameters of gum solutions. The weak gel-like behavior (0.1 < tan δ < 1) observed for all solutions at different ion types and ionic strengths. The limiting values of strain mostly increased with enhance cation concentration due to the intermolecular interaction and therefore increase the stiffness of gum solutions in the concentrated domain. The frequency sweep results showed that developing ion concentration had a positive effect on the viscoelasticity of gum solutions which Ca2+ was more effective than Na+. Tanglertpaibul&Rao model showed the highest efficiency to evaluate the intrinsic viscosity of PLSM for all co-solutes. The results of this study could be useful when considering the effects of salts on food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new magnetic Schiff's base-chitosan-glyoxal/fly ash/Fe 3 O 4 biocomposite (Chi-Gly/FA/Fe 3 O 4) was successfully synthesized by direct compositing of magnetic chitosan (Chi) with fly ash (FA) powder particles, and followed by Schiff's base formation via cross-linking reaction with glyoxal (Gly). Various techniques such as BET, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX were utilized to characterize of Chi-Gly/FA/Fe 3 O 4 biocomposite. The effectiveness of Chi-Gly/FA/Fe 3 O 4 as an adsorbent was evaluated for the removal anionic azo dye such as reactive orange 16 (RO16) from aqueous environment. The effect of adsorption process parameters namely adsorbent dose (A: 0.02–0.1 g), solution pH (B: 4–10), temperature (C: 30–50 °C), and contact time (D: 5–20 min) were optimized via Box–Behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM). The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic, and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of Chi-Gly/FA/Fe 3 O 4 biocomposite for RO16 dye was recorded to be 112.5 mg/g at 40 °C. The RO16 dye adsorption mechanism was attributed to various interactions such as electrostatic, n-π, H-bonding, and Yoshida H-bonding. Furthermore, the Chi-Gly/FA/Fe 3 O 4 biocomposite exhibited a high ability to separate from the aqueous solution after adsorption process by external magnetic field. • A biocomposite magnetic chitosan-glyoxal/fly ash/Fe 3 O 4 was synthesized. • The Chi-Gly/FA/Fe 3 O 4 biocomposite was used for adsorption of reactive Orange 16 dye. • Box–Behnken design was applied to optimize the adsorption process. • The adsorption capacity for reactive orange 16 dye was 112.5 mg/g. • The adsorption isotherm followed Freundlich models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley starch was dual modified by hydroxypropylation using 8% and 12% propylene oxide, separately, based on starch weight (dry basis) followed by cross-linking through addition of 1% mixture of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) to form 8HPCL and 12HPCL E1442 (hydroxypropylated-distarch phosphate) barley starches, respectively. These modified starches were incorporated at 5% and 8% levels in soups. Functional characteristics of starches like swelling power, solubility and water retention capacity greatly improved after dual modifications. Paste clarity increased fivefold in case of 12HPCL (starch prepared using 12% propylene oxide and 1% mixture of STMP and STPP) modified barley starch. Higher level of hydroxypropylation also declined the retrogradation process in starches. All soups demonstrated thixotropic behaviour with flow behaviour indices less than one. Soup [S-(8HPCL) 8 ] made with addition of 8% (8HPCL) barley starch demonstrated highest linear viscoelastic region (LVR), yield stress (τ y) and complex viscosity (Ƞ⁎). Lowest value of tan δ (0.09) was also observed for S-(8HPCL) 8 soup, suggesting its higher consistency. Native barley starch when added to soup at a level of 5% was the least acceptable in terms of sensory characteristics. • Chicken soups were prepared using native barley starch (NB) and E 1442 barley starches. • 5% and 8% levels of propylene oxide with 1% STMP/STPP was used for modification. • E1442 starch modified with 8% propylene oxide showed higher G′ in soup (8% level). • The E 1442 barley starch soups showed higher sensory scores compared to NB at 5% level. • High complex viscosity of 8% E 1442 starches suggested better thickening potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particular attention is devoting to the design of electrospun nanofibers (NFs) as new drug delivery nanosystems to overcome bacterial resistance and toxicological issues. Their advantages include high encapsulation efficiency, great drug-loading capacity, easiness in production, cost-effectiveness, and controlled targeted drug delivery. We aim to characterize electrospun chitosan (CS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) NFs (CPNFs) loaded with cefadroxil monohydrate (CFX), a broad spectrum antibiotic. The biodegradable and biocompatible carrier system was greenly fabricated by electrospinning at various CS/PVA ratios. CPNFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-spectrometry. Their potential toxicity was evaluated in human epidermal keratinocytes by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Their antibacterial activity was tested by agar well diffusion method and MTT assay against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus , a Gram-positive bacterium involved in serious skin infections. The thermostable CFX-loaded CPNFs at optimized 30:70 ratio revealed a burst and sustained release profile that occurred predominantly by diffusion following non-Fickian (anomalous) transport mechanism, as well as a more potent and safe antibacterial than free CFX. Thus, electrospun CFX-loaded CPNFs could be a new promising transdermal drug delivery system to activate the wound healing process and cost-effectively treat S. aureus -induced (resistant) skin infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A crosslinked chitosan-GLA was modified by TiO 2 nanoparticles. • A crosslinked chitosan-GLA/TiO 2 was used for removal of RR 120 dye. • Adsorption of RR120 follows pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm model. • The adsorption capacity for RR120 dye was 103.1 mg/g. In this study, tunable Schiff's base-cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde (CS-GLA) was modified and applied to remove reactive red 120 (RR120) dye from an aqueous solution. Different ratios of TiO 2 nanoparticles, such as 25% TiO 2 nanoparticles (CS-GLA/TNC-25) and 50% TiO 2 nanoparticles (CS-GLA/TNC-50), were loaded into the CS-GLA's molecular structure. The adsorptive properties of CS-GLA, CS-GLA/TNC-25, and CS-GLA/TNC-50 for the RR120 dye in the aqueous solution were evaluated. CS-GLA/TNC-25 exhibited the best adsorptive property possibly because of the perfect balancing between the surface area and available amine (NH 2) groups in the composite formulation. The impact of adsorption key parameters, such as adsorbent dosage (0.01–1.2 g), RR120 dye concentration (30–400 mg/L), solution pH (3–12), and contact time (0–400 min) were explored by batch adsorption mode. The adsorption was well described by the Freundlich model and pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption capacity of CS-GLA/TNC-25 for RR120 dye was 103.1 mg/g at 303K. The adsorption mechanism of RR120 on the CS-GLA/TNC-25 surface can be assigned to various interactions, such as electrostatic attraction, n–π stacking, and H-bonding. Results indicate the potential application of CS-GLA/TNC-25 as environment-friendly biosorbent for removing acid and/or textile dyes, such as RR120, from aqueous environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migraine has recently become a major interest to the neuroscientists. Zolmitriptan is an effective medicine used in the treatment of migraine. The nasal spray was prepared from Zolmitriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles and evaluated for pharmacokinetic properties. In this study male Wistar albino rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were taken and divided into 4 groups with 6 rats in each group. Nasal spray containing Zolmitriptan loaded Chitosan nanoparticles were administered nasally (using specific inhalation mask) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg as a test formulation and compared with the control groups which received either water for injection or marketed standard drug (Zolmist) or standard drug solution at a same dose. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as C max , T max , and brain tissue analyses for accumulation of drug were performed for Zolmitriptan by LC-MS method. Amount of drug in the plasma from the test formulation, standard marketed drug (Zolmist) and standard drug solution was found to be 41.37 ± 2.31, 34.76 ± 4.22 and 23.74 ± 2.42 ng/ml at 10 min respectively, which indicated significantly (p < 0.05) greater amount of drug being delivered from the test formulation compared to the both standard groups. The amount of the drug (Zolmitriptan) present in brain tissue (Olfactory lobe) was found to be 15 ± 0.08, 13 ± 0.14 and 8 ± 0.13 ng/g at 60 min for test formulation, marketed standard and standard drug solution respectively which indicates significantly (p < 0.05) higher amount of drug absorption in brain tissue from the test formulation compared to both the standard groups. Pharmacokinetics studies of nasal spray containing Zolmitriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles proved rapid onset of action in animals and is promising in treatment of migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of dipping in combination of propolis extract (PE) and chitosan (CH) coating enriched with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) on chemical, microbial and organoleptic properties of poultry meat was determined at 4 °C. GC–MS analysis showed that the most components of PE were Dihydrochrysin (9.69%) and b- Pinostrobin (7.41%). The results of mesophilic total viable plate counts (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Psychotropic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. showed detectably lower (p < 0.05) microbial count in CH-PE 1%-Z 0.5% and CH-PE 1%-Z 1% samples at the last day of storage. The results of chemical characteristics (pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in all treated samples compared with the control, revealed that there is a synergistic effect between CH, PE and ZEO. In the sensorial assessment, treatments containing 1% PE- 0.5% ZEO and 1% PE- 1% ZEO were mostly acceptable by the sensory analyst. These results offer a successful approach that chitosan coating enriched with combination of ZEO and PE can be an improving method to reducing deterioration of fresh packed chicken meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable starch-pectin‑titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 - NPs) blend edible films were developed by casting filmogenic solution of sweet potato starch and lemon waste pectin incorporated with TiO 2 nanoparticles. The effect of incorporating different concentration of TiO 2 nanoparticle (0.5–4% wt) on the different properties of starch and pectin based edible film was evaluated. Surface color measurement, light transmission, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis techniques were used to characterize the developed films. Increasing the level of TiO 2 -NPs led to significant decreases in the moisture content, solubility, and moisture uptake of the films. Addition of low concentration of TiO 2 - NPs into starch-pectin films significantly improved the mechanical and moisture barrier properties. SEM analysis also revealed that good particles dispersion could be obtained when nano-TiO 2 particles content was low (0.5–2% wt). The glass transition temperatures (Tg) shifted to higher temperature with increasing the TiO 2 concentrations and the thermal stability of the films was increased. The transmittance percentage was also decreased with increasing the TiO 2 concentrations which revealed that with UV prevention capacity, the developed films can be used as food grade UV screening biodegradable packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catfish glycoprotein (CFG) was extracted from the cutaneous mucus of Egyptian catfish by ammonium sulphate precipitation and purified on gel filtration column (sephadex G-50). After purification, CFG produced one band on SDS-PAGE (22 kDa). Urea-PAGE and the pH-solubility of CFG indicated its positive charge (IEP 8). CFG contained 12 saccharides. FTIR spectrum shows 3 groups of bands at 1800–2900, 1100–1700 and 700–1100 cm−1. CFG exhibited antibacterial activity against 9 pathogenic bacteria with low MIC (50 μg/mL), where two Gram+ bacteria, i.e.; Streptococcus pyogenes (St. pyogenes) and Listeria ivanovii (L. ivanovii) were the most sensitive. The growth curves of the bacteria subjected to 1 MIC of CFG during 30 h showed general growth inhibition, particularly in case of Gram− bacteria such as E. coli. TEM images showed evidently reduced relative content of the intact cells and clear incurred cellular malformations. Combining CFG with specific antibiotic at equal ratios induced synergistic antibacterial actions, amounting to 40% of the mathematical sum of the combination. Substituting the antibiotic chloramphenicol with gradual increasing ratios of CFG of its starting concentration (30 μg/mL), produced proportionally bigger antibacterial actions against St. pyogenes growth and increasing synergistic effect up to 37% at 80% of CFG substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study suggests the formation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)- Azadirachta indica (neem)-chitosan blend nanofibrous mat (PNCNM) by bi-layered technique under optimum processing conditions. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, morphology, bonding behavior, thermal stability, tensile behavior and moisture management properties of the developed sample had been investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the homogeneous and smooth fibers produced having average diameter of 213.52 nm (nm) with the minimum and maximum diameter of 152 nm and 298 nm respectively. Besides, it showed 91% porosity which is indicative of porous structure. The presence of PVA, neem constituents and chitosan was established by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) indicating the formation of hydrogen bonding among them. The addition of neem extracts led to enhanced thermal stability and moisture management properties. In addition, the developed mat showed a tensile strength of 18.78 N corresponding to the elongation value of 4.98 mm. Besides, the incorporation of neem extract into the nanofiber mat exhibited a significant synergistic antibacterial activity against bacterial cells through the formation of inhibition zone. Thus, the newly developed nanofibrous mat could turn out to be a suitable material for the wound dressing purpose. Unlabelled Image • PVA-neem-chitosan nanofibrous mat has been developed by bi-layered technique through electrospinning process. • The developed mat was characterized for wound dressing applications. • Antibacterial property was achieved by the incorporation of chitosan and neem as natural biocides. • Thermal and moisture management properties were also enhanced using neem and chitosan in comparison with PVA nanomat alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albumin is a globular protein which plays a pivotal role in maintaining plasma pressure and the nutritional balance. Different compounds are transported by binding to albumin in the blood. Also, human health is closely related to the serum albumin concentration in blood plasma or other biological fluids. Due to the high structural similarity with human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been widely investigated as a model protein in different fields. Importantly, albumin detection has recently gained huge interest, as this protein serves as an important indicator of cow health, and its milk and meat quality. Also, it is also known as an allergenic and a carrier protein. As a result, it is highly essential to determine bovine albumin in various industries, such as medicine, pharmaceutical, clinical and food. Therefore, the development of new, efficient, fast and straightforward methods for selective detection of BSA is critical. This review seeks to highlight different characteristics of BSA and its importance. Then, by focusing on recent developments made in the last two decades in BSA biosensing and determination methods, the use of different biomaterials/nanomaterials is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autologous and synthetic bone grafts showed some limitations during their usage in bone tissue regeneration. This is attributed to several drawbacks such as difficulty of finding a donor in addition to the autoimmune rejection. This study aims to fabricate a well-designed biocompatible double-layered structure of highly porous poly(lactic acid)-based electrospun nanofibers (NFs) as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Poly(lactic acid) was chosen to fabricate the main matrix of the NFs scaffold as it is one of the FDA approved and highly recommended biopolymers for biomedical applications owing to its high biodegradability and biocompatibility Each layer is loaded with a different drug (Phenytoin and Sildenafil) to stimulate bone healing process. The solvents and the parameters of electrospinning were manipulated to produce highly porous structures in order to enhance the in-situ biodegradability of the NFs mats as well as the drug release rate. The produced NFs mats were fully characterized morphologically (SEM), chemically (FTIR), physically (DSC) and physicochemically (biodegradability, swellability, porosity and water vapor permeability) as well as studying the drug release profiles of both drugs. Cytotoxicity of the fabricated NFs was tested using fibroblast cells to detect their biocompatibility. Cell adhesion and proliferation were examined using SEM before using the NFs as scaffolds in mice animal model. The efficiency of the developed NFs scaffolds in healing bone fractures was assessed after 14 and 28 days through visual inspection, SEM investigation and bone mineral density assessment. Finally, sections from the bone fracture sites were isolated for histopathological examination. The study revealed the efficiency of the drugs-loaded NFs in enhancing cell adherence, cell proliferation, angiogenesis formation and finally tissue restoration of bone fractures. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of angiogenic activity is one of the serious complications of chronic wounds associated with delayed wound closure, chronic ulceration, and subsequent limb amputation. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that nitric oxide (NO) produced endogenously by nitric oxide synthase pathway plays a significant role in angiogenic activity and accelerates wounds closure. In this work, chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and S-nitroso- N -acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) hydrogel was fabricated to accelerate angiogenesis and promote healing in chronic wounds due to better wound closure potential of CS-PVA hydrogel and angiogenic properties of SNAP. The developed CS-PVA hydrogels loaded with SNAP produced a continuous and sustained supply of NO. 3T3 and HaCaT cells showed a significant increase in cell proliferation with 5‰ SNAP loaded CS-PVA hydrogel compared to the control group. Wound scratch assay resulted in four-fold faster recovery of the scratched wound area and an enhanced degree of angiogenic activity was observed in the chick embryo model with the SNAP incorporated CS-PVA hydrogel compared to the control group. The results depict that the use of CS-PVA hydrogel impregnated with SNAP could be a promising material for promoting angiogenesis followed by accelerated healing of the chronic wounds in burns and diabetic patients. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]