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Although hydrothermal treatments for biomass fractionation have been vastly studied, their effect on the depolymerization of isolated lignins in terms of yield, composition, and compatibility of the produced lignin bio-oils with bioconversion is still poorly investigated. In this study, we evaluated the hydrothermal depolymerization of an β –O–4′-rich lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse by alkaline fractionation, investigating the influence of temperature (200–350 °C), time (30–90 min), and solid-liquid ratio (1:10–1:50 m.v−1) on yield of bio-oils (up to 31 wt%) rich in monomers (light bio-oils). Principal Components Analysis showed that the defunctionalization of the aromatic monomers was more pronounced in the most severe reaction conditions and that the abundance of more hydrophobic monomers increased in more diluted reactions. While the high-molecular-weight (heavy) bio-oil generated at 350 °C, 90 min, and 1:50 m.v−1 failed to support bacterial growth, the corresponding light bio-oil rich in aromatic monomers promoted the growth of bacteria from 9 distinct species. The isolates Pseudomonas sp. LIM05 and Burkholderia sp. LIM09 showed the best growth performance and tolerance to lignin-derived aromatics, being the most promising for the future development of biological upgrading strategies tailored for this lignin stream. [Display omitted] • Hydrothermal severity favored the defunctionalization of the aromatics. • Systematic growth assessment for 11 bacterial strains in lignin bio-oils • Pseudomonas sp. and Burkholderia sp. strains were the best growers on light bio-oil. • 3-Methoxycatechol identified in the light bio-oil was converted into cell biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removing toxic dyes from industrial wastewater is crucial for environmental protection. This research introduced novel composite films of manganese oxide (MnO 2)-modified nanocellulose (MCel) and unmodified nanocellulose (Cel) derived from sugarcane bagasse for dye removal. Nanocellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse and subsequently transformed into MCel through in-situ MnO 2 synthesis. The MCel/Cel composites, with various MCel to Cel ratios, were fabricated into films and evaluated for their efficiency in removing methylene blue (MB). The films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for functional group analysis, X-ray diffraction for crystallinity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical state analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy for morphology and elemental composition, and Thermogravimetric Analysis for thermal behaviors. Adsorption results showed that all MCel/Cel composite films achieved over 97 % removal of MB (initial concentration 100 mg L−1) within 24 h, with convenient adsorbent retrieval after adsorption. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The optimal 95:5 MCel/Cel film exhibited a rate constant of 6.16 × 10−4 g mg−1 min−1 and the calculated adsorption capacity of 181.85 mg g−1. These results demonstrate significant potential for wastewater treatment and sustainable waste valorization by converting sugarcane bagasse cellulose into environmentally friendly adsorbents for contaminant removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste presents a significant environmental challenge due to improper disposal and management practices, contributing to soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and pollution of water and air resources. To address these issues, there is a growing emphasis on the valorization of agricultural waste. Cellulose, a major component of agricultural waste, offers promising opportunities for resource utilization due to its unique properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability. Thus, this review explored various types of agricultural waste, their chemical composition, and pretreatment methods for cellulose extraction. It also highlights the significance of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and other agricultural residues as cellulose-rich resources. Among the various membrane fabrication techniques, phase inversion is highly effective for creating porous membranes with controlled thickness and uniformity, while electrospinning produces nanofibrous membranes with high surface area and exceptional mechanical properties. The review further explores the separation of pollutants including using cellulose membranes, demonstrating their potential in environmental remediation. Hence, by valorizing agricultural residues into functional materials, this approach addresses the challenge of agricultural waste management and contributes to the development of innovative solutions for pollution control and water treatment. [Display omitted] • Cellulose membranes from agricultural waste offer sustainable pollutant removal from water. • Membranes effectively remove diverse pollutants, aiding pollution control. • Valorizing waste creates innovative, eco-friendly solutions for resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increase in research devoted to the advancement of cellulose and nanocellulose-based materials, which are advantageous due to their renewable nature, strength, rigidity, and environmental friendliness. This exploration complies with the fundamental tenets of environmental stewardship and sustainability. An area of industrial biotechnology where cellulosic agricultural residues have the potential to be economically utilized is through the conversion of such residues; sugarcane bagasse is currently leading this charge. SCB, a plentiful fibrous byproduct produced during the sugarcane industry's operations, has historically been utilized in various sectors, including producing paper, animal feed, enzymes, biofuel conversion, and biomedical applications. Significantly, SCB comprises a considerable amount of cellulose, approximately 40 % to 50 %, rendering it a valuable source of cellulose fibre for fabricating cellulose nanocrystals. This review sheds light on the significant advances in surface modification techniques, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological treatments, that enhance sugarcane bagasse fibres' adsorption capacity and selectivity. Furthermore, the paper investigates the specific advancements related to the augmentation of sugarcane bagasse fibres' efficacy in adsorbing a wide range of pollutants. These pollutants span a spectrum that includes heavy metals, dyes, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants. The discussion provides a comprehensive overview of the targeted removal processes facilitated by applying modified fibres. The unique structural and chemical properties inherent in sugarcane bagasse fibres and their widespread availability position them as highly suitable adsorbents for various pollutants. This convergence of attributes underscores the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibres in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable solutions across multiple industries. • Bagasse fibres are promising adsorbents due to their porous structure and high surface area. • Repurposing bagasse for adsorbents offers eco-friendly waste management and water purification. • Bagasse adsorbents are used in textiles, pharmaceuticals, food processing, and air purification. • Challenges include scalability and durability; research is needed to optimize production and adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, five different NaOH-catalyzed ethylene glycol (EG) pretreatments together with water-soluble sulfonated lignin (SL) were used for enhancing sugarcane bagasse (SCB) enzymatic digestion. The results showed that the coupling of NaOH and EG into a one-pot pretreatment (10%NaOH/EG) was more beneficial to improve SCB enzymatic hydrolysis than that of single 10%NaOH or EG pretreatment, or the two-step pretreatment of NaOH and EG in different sequence (10%NaOH+EG and EG + 10%NaOH, respectively). The highest glucose yield of this work was 91.2 %, mainly released from the SCB that pretreated with 10%NaOH/EG at 130 °C for 60 min and 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis. The adding of SL into the enzymatic hydrolysis step could significantly lower the cellulase dosage and hydrolysis time from 20 FPU/g and 72 h to 10 FPU/g and 24 h, respectively, meanwhile keeping a high glucose yield of 90.4 %. The characterization of various pretreated or un-pretreated SCB confirmed that the improvement of hydrolysis efficiency of SCB after 10%NaOH/EG pretreatment was closely related to the removal of various components barriers in SCB and the fragmentation of pretreated solid. It can be concluded that the developed NaOH-catalyzed ethylene glycol pretreatment was an efficiency way to enhance the sugar release from SCB. [Display omitted] • Five different NaOH-catalyzed glycol pretreatments were developed in this work. • 10%NaOH/EG pretreatment displayed highest efficiency for enhancing SCB hydrolysis. • Sulfonated lignin could remarkably reduce the cellulase dosage and hydrolysis time. • A certain amount of glycol lignin (∼50.1 %) also can be obtained in pretreated liquid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, are crucial players in the production of enzymatic cocktails for biomass hydrolysis or the bioconversion of plant biomass into products with industrial relevance. The biotechnology industry can exploit lignocellulosic biomass for the production of high-value chemicals. The generation of biotechnological products from lignocellulosic feedstock presents several bottlenecks, including low efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis, high cost of enzymes, and limitations on microbe metabolic performance. Genetic engineering offers a route for developing improved microbial strains for biotechnological applications in high-value product biosynthesis. Sugarcane bagasse, for example, is an agro-industrial waste that is abundantly produced in sugar and first-generation processing plants. Here, we review the potential conversion of its feedstock into relevant industrial products via microbial production and discuss the advances that have been made in improving strains for biotechnological applications. [Display omitted] • Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a potential feedstock to generate biotechnology products. • Microorganisms produce enzymes to convert SCB into value-added products. • Engineering in transporters and transcriptional factors improve enzyme production. • New genetic tools and synthetic biology are used to obtain new value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse, a sugar industry waste, has plentiful cellulose. The present work was aimed to prepare the quality nanocellulose with different polymorphs, nanocelluloses I (NC-I) and II (NC-II) utilizing natural deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate) combined with mechanical treatment from purified cellulose (celluloses I and II), which were prepared from sugarcane bagasse, and to further compare the structural and rheological properties of NC-I and NC-II. Results showed that the yields of NC-I and NC-II were 73.66 ± 0.11 % and 75.15 ± 0.08 %, respectively. Morphology indicated that NC-I had a needle-like appearance with a length of 769.9 ± 76.4 nm and a width of 4.9 ± 1.3, while NC-II displayed a rod-like profile with a smaller size (length: 196.3 ± 50.1 nm; width: 14.9 ± 3.8 nm). Structural characterization revealed that both NC-I and NC-II had high purity, good thermal stability (>300 °C) and high crystallinity (85.5 % and 86 %, respectively). Rheological and zeta potential properties revealed that NC-I suspension had bigger shear resistance, viscoelasticity and lower zeta potential, resulting in better storage stability compared with NC-II suspension. Therefore, the NC-I and NC-II with different characteristics may have potential applications in multiple fields, such as the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industry. • Nanocelluloses I (NC-I) and II (NC-II) were prepared by natural deep eutectic solvents. • NC-I and NC-II had elongated needle-like and short rod-like profiles, respectively. • Both NC-I and NC-II had high purity, high crystallinity and good thermal stability. • NC-I suspension had bigger shear resistance, viscoelasticity and better stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bagasse cellulose, an industrial waste byproduct of sugar production, was demonstrated to be a viable solid support for a solid-phase ionic oxidation catalyst enabling organic solvent-free aqueous reaction conditions and facile catalyst recovery. Bagasse cellulose-supported quaternary ammonium peroxyphosphotungstate was synthesized from bagasse cellulose-supported quaternary ammonium chloride, phosphotungstic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical structure of this material was characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and 13C NMR, revealing stability of the cellulose matrix to the catalyst loading conditions and effective dispersion of the acicular catalyst crystals throughout the matrix. High catalytic activity of this synthetic complex was demonstrated in the oxidation of cyclohexene to 1,2-cyclohexanediol with hydrogen peroxide in the absence of solvent. Optimized conditions providing trans -1,2-cyclohexanediol with 86.2 % selectivity were 12 wt% catalyst and 4 mL/g 30 % H 2 O 2 (vs. cyclohexene) at 50 °C for 10 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring new biomass sources for nanocellulose (NC) extraction is crucial in elevating the economic value of readily available renewable resources. This study compares NC extracted from acai (Euterpe oleracea) bagasse using different methods: mixed acid hydrolysis, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) mediation, and ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidations. A comprehensive analysis investigates the impact of each treatment on the physical-chemical properties of the nanoparticles, including chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, and thermal and suspension stability. NCs obtained through mixed acid hydrolysis exhibit the highest crystallinity (62 %) and low sulfate groups on their surfaces. Consequently, they demonstrate excellent thermal stability but poor colloidal stability in water. Oxidized NCs undergo chemical modification, converting alcoholic groups into carboxyl, resulting in NCs with zeta potentials ranging between −25.30 ± 0.81 and − 27.49 ± 1.07 mV. APS oxidation produces nanoparticles with superior thermal stability compared to TEMPO oxidation. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images reveal that all nanocelluloses share characteristics of nanofibers (CNFs). This comprehensive characterization highlights the potential of acai bagasse for yielding high-added-value bioproducts suitable for versatile applications. [Display omitted] • Nanocellulose from acai bagasse was extracted by hydrolysis and oxidative methods. • APS and TEMPO oxidations produced distinct types of ionic charged nanocelluloses. • Mixed acid hydrolysis produced nanocellulose with better thermal stability. • All nanocelluloses from acai bagasse had nanofiber's characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities have led to a drastic shift from natural fuels to alternative renewable energy reserves that demand heat-stable cellulases. Cellobiohydrolase is an indispensable member of cellulases that play a critical role in the degradation of cellulosic biomass. This article details the process of cloning the cellobiohydrolase gene from the thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and expressing it in Escherichia coli (BL21) CondonPlus DE3-(RIPL) using the pET-21a(+) expression vector. Multi-alignments and structural modeling studies reveal that recombinant CbCBH contained a conserved cellulose binding domain III. The enzyme's catalytic site included Asp-372 and Glu-620, which are either involved in substrate or metal binding. The purified CbCBH, with a molecular weight of 91.8 kDa, displayed peak activity against p NPC (167.93 U/mg) at 65°C and pH 6.0. Moreover, it demonstrated remarkable stability across a broad temperature range (60–80°C) for 8 h. Additionally, the Plackett-Burman experimental model was employed to assess the saccharification of pretreated sugarcane bagasse with CbCBH, aiming to evaluate the cultivation conditions. The optimized parameters, including a pH of 6.0, a temperature of 55°C, a 24-hour incubation period, a substrate concentration of 1.5% (w / v), and enzyme activity of 120 U, resulted in an observed saccharification efficiency of 28.45%. This discovery indicates that the recombinant CbCBH holds promising potential for biofuel sector. • The increasing energy demand has intensified the need of renewable energy sources. • A novel cellulose-binding domain containing cellobiohydrolase (CbCBH) cloned from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. • CbCBH exhibited great thermostability making it a promising candidate for biofuel. • Plackett-Burman model evaluated the saccharification conditions of sugarcane bagasse. • Optimized conditions yielded a remarkable 28.45% saccharification efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the existence of p -hydroxyphenyl (H) units in compressed wood lignin, four different milled wood lignins were extracted using Pinus massoniana Lamb compressed wood, Pinus massoniana Lamb normal wood, and sugarcane bagasse as raw materials. Then, three dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) were synthesized using coniferyl/ p -coumaryl alcohol as raw materials to reveal the interunit linkages of H units. The lignin and DHP samples were systematically characterized by 1H, 13C, 2D HSQC, and 31P NMR techniques. Compared with the opposite wood milled wood lignin (OW-MWL) and the normal wood milled wood lignin (NW-MWL), the compressed wood milled wood lignin (CW-MWL) contained a large amount of H units, and the H/G ratio and the p -hydroxyphenyl OH group contents were 0.15 and 1.09 mmol/g, respectively. Through the characterization of CW-MWL and DHPs, it was revealed that p -hydroxyphenyl units mainly coupled with other units by β-O-4, β-β, and β-5 linkages. Compared to the sugarcane bagasse milled wood lignin, it was clearly demonstrated that the H unit rather than p -coumarate ester occurred in CW-MWL. This study comprehensively explored the structural characteristics and linkages of H units in compress wood lignin, and provided useful information for revealing the participation of H units in the construction of lignin macromolecules. • More p -hydroxyphenyl unit was quantified in the compressed wood lignin. • More p -hydroxyphenyl units lead to a decrease of β-O-4 and β-5 linkages. • The main interunit linkage of G-DHP, H-DHP, and GH-DHP were β-O-4, β-β, β-5. • The p -hydroxyphenyl unit was presented as β-O-4, β-β, β-5 in the compressed lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulosic waste as a major type of agricultural waste can be acid deconstructed as a carbon source for fermentation application. However, various fermented inhibitors, such as formic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, are also produced during processing. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SB) was hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid, and atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) was used to remove the toxic inhibitors. The detoxified SB hydrolysate was used as alternative nutrients for bacterial cellulose (BC) production. Results showed that degradation rates of formic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and furfural respectively reached 25.2%, 78.6%, and 100% with optimized ACP conditions (argon ACP at 200 W for 25 min). In BC production, the ACP-treated SB hydrolysate group (PT) exhibited high BC production (1.68 g/L) but was lower than that from the ACP-untreated SB hydrolysate group (PUT) (1.88 g/L), which suggests that ACP detoxification might also cause some crucial nutrients loss of the SB hydrolysate, leading to a decrease in BC production. The material properties of BC produced from detoxified based medium are also evaluated. These findings have important implications for the broader domain of ACP detoxification for cellulosic acid hydrolysates applied to BC production. • Acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse (SB) produces toxic compounds. • The effects of toxic compounds in bacterial cellulose (BC) production are studied. • Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) can remove toxic compounds from SB hydrolysate. • SB hydrolysate treated with ACP enhances bacterial cellulose production. • BC produced from ACP treated SB hydrolysate shows stronger mechanical property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is recommended to a tempting alternative precursor of petroleum for fabricating carbon nanofibers (CNFs) due to its high carbon content, low-cost and renewable resources. However, the property of lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs) is inferior owing to the heterogeneity and 3D-network structure of lignin, which hinders its application in supercapacitors. The latest developments in fractionation technology have shown great potential for overcoming the aforementioned shortcomings. However, most of fractionation methods mainly rely on expensive chemicals and complex reaction process, such as enzymes, multiple solvents, membranes, and dialysis tubes. Herein, we proposed a controllable and effective strategy to fractionate lignin by only changing the ratio of ethanol/water (V/V) as mixture solvent. This gradient extraction method effectively removed the part of lignin with small molecular and branching structure, thus selectively getting the fractionated lignin with high molecular weight, narrow polydispersity index, and good linear structure. Fortunately, when the ratio of ethanol/water was 6:4, the corresponding LCNFs (LCNFs-L60) was obtained with large specific surface area, independent filamentous morphology networks and excellent electrochemical property. Its specific capacitance was up to 405.8 F/g. This way features controllable and sustainable for preparing high-quality LCNFs supercapacitors. [Display omitted] • The high linear structure of sugarcane bagasse lignin was obtained through different solvent ratio fractionation way. • The heterogeneity of fractionated lignin was decreased by screening large molecular weight sugarcane bagasse lignin. • L60 with more β-O-4 structural units and smaller homogeneity was more suitable for fabricating high performance LCNFs. • The LCNFs-L60 showed independent morphology, uniform diameter, large surface area and excellent power storage capacity. • This method was an effective strategy for preparing low-cost and high-quality LCNFs supercapacitors electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the development and characterization of composite multilayer films comprising bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitosan enriched with antioxidant compounds from grape bagasse extract (GE) and glycerol. SEM images revealed a compact structure with successful interactions between BC and chitosan, confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Equilibrium moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), swollen capacity, and solubility were systematically investigated, unveiling the influence of glycerol and GE concentrations. Moisture content increased with elevated glycerol and GE levels, attributed to their hydrophilic nature. WVP rose with higher concentrations of hydrophilic compounds, affecting the films' permeability. Swollen capacity decreased, and solubility increased with the addition of GE and glycerol, indicating a more compact film structure. The incorporation of GE conferred antioxidant properties to the films, as evidenced by DPPH and ABTS+ assays, and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) determination. TPC values varied from 0 to 1.75 mg GAE/g dried film, depending on GE. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) highlighted polymeric associations, and UV–Vis spectra demonstrated enhanced UV-blocking properties. Overall, these multilayer films offer promising applications in food packaging, leveraging natural antioxidant sources for an enhanced functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in global plastic pollution due to conventional plastic packaging (petroleum-derived), bioplastics have emerged as an alternative green source for practising a circular economy. This research aimed to extract cellulose from bagasse and corn cob waste and utilized in mixed form to prepare bioplastic film. The mixed cellulose was further reinforced with natural substances such as chitosan, bentonite, and P. alba extract. These newly developed bioplastics films were characterized by various physical tests like film thickness, moisture content, water solubility and spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopic (SEM-EDX), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy for opacity testing. The results revealed the enhanced bioplastic thermal and mechanical characteristics through robust interactions between cellulose and bentonite molecules. Moreover, incorporating chitosan solution as reinforcements in bio-composite films resulted in improved water barrier properties. The results indicated lower absorption in the UV range of 250–400 nm, attributed to the absence of UV-absorbing groups. Finally, their biodegradability was tested in soil, and 85.3 % weight loss of bioplastic films was observed after 50 days of the experiment which is the main task of this research. The antimicrobial properties of bioplastic films have been evaluated, and showed an inhibition zone of 16 mm against E. coli. After 12 days of incubation of sherbet berries, complete spoilage is identified in the control group compared to those covered with the bioplastic film. This outcome is attributed to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities provided by chitosan and P. alba extract in the bioplastic film. The comprehensive outcomes of this study suggest the potential future adoption of these entirely bio-derived, environmentally sustainable and biodegradable bioplastic films as a viable substitute for the plastic packaging currently present in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the challenge of platinum-group metal scarcity by exploring the adsorption of these metals from industrial wastewater. An inexpensive adsorbent with selective platinum-group metal adsorption capacity, named chitosan/citric acid@diatomaceous earth-sugarcane bagasse (CTS/CA@DE-SBS), was newly synthesized. The material features a double coating of chitosan and diatomite on bagasse biochar, and it exhibits an excellent adsorption performance for platinum-group metals due to the synergistic effects of the biochar and chitosan-diatomaceous earth intercross-linked coatings. CTS/CA@DE-SBS achieved an 81 % adsorption efficiency and a static saturated adsorption capacity of 217 mg/g for Pt (IV) in water. Notably, the material exhibited selective adsorption properties for platinum-group metals dissolved in diverse aqueous solutions. The potential for the secondary recovery of platinum-group metals in complex aqueous bodies further underscores the significance of this adsorbent. In conclusion, this research introduces a promising solution for platinum-group metal shortages, offering a cost-effective and selective adsorbent with potential applications in the secondary recovery of these metals from industrial wastewater. [Display omitted] • CTS/CA@DE-SBS achieves 81 % Pt(IV) adsorption from wastewater. • Synergistic biochar and chitosan-diatomaceous earth coatings enhance performance. • Cost-effective with ultralow expenses compared to alternatives. • Selective adsorption for platinum-group metals in diverse aqueous solutions. • Potential for secondary recovery in complex aqueous bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethyleneimine-modified magnetic sugarcane bagasse cellulose film (P-SBC/Fe 3 O 4 film) was simply fabricated for the removal of ibuprofen (IBP), a typical emerging organic contaminant. The P-SBC/Fe 3 O 4 film exhibited an equilibrium adsorption amount of 370.52 mg/g for IBP and a corresponding removal efficiency of 92.63 % under following adsorption conditions: 318 K, pH 4, and 0.25 mg/mL dosage. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption of IBP on the P-SBC/Fe 3 O 4 film was spontaneous (∆G < 0) and endothermic (∆H > 0). The adsorption data conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model and multilayer adsorption model (two layers), and an average of 3–4 active sites on the P-SBC/Fe 3 O 4 film share an IBP molecule. Both the EDR-IDR and AOAS models vividly described the dynamic characteristics of adsorption process. Model fitting results, theoretical calculations, and comprehensive characterization revealed that adsorption is driven by electrostatic interactions between the primary amine of P-SBC/Fe 3 O 4 film and the carboxyl group of IBP molecule, while other weak interactions are also non-ignorable. Furthermore, quantitative calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) underscored the importance of PEI functionalization. In conclusion, P-SBC/Fe 3 O 4 film is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbent with significant potential for effectively removing IBP, while maintaining its efficacy over multiple cycles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was successfully synthesized from sugarcane bagasse using a rapid, low-temperature hydrochloric acid (HCl) gas treatment. The primary aim was to develop an energy-efficient "green" cellulose extraction process. Response surface methodology optimized the liquid-phase hydrolysis conditions to 3.3 % HCl at 117 °C for 127 min to obtain MCC with 350 degree of polymerization. An alternative gas-phase approach utilizing gaseous HCl diluted in hot 40 °C air was proposed to accelerate MCC production. The cellulose pulp was moistened to 15–18 % moisture content and then exposed to HCl gas, which was absorbed by the moisture in the cellulose fibers to generate a highly concentrated acidic solution that hydrolyzed the cellulose. The cellulose pulp was isolated from depithed bagasse through soda pulping, multistage bleaching and cold alkali purification. Hydrolysis was conducted by saturating the moist cellulose fibers with gaseous HCl mixed with hot air. Extensive analytical characterization using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGA, DSC, particle size, and porosity analyses verified comparable physicochemical attributes between MCC samples prepared via liquid and gas phase methods. The gas-produced MCC revealed 85% crystallinity, 71 Å crystallite dimensions, and thermally stable rod-shaped morphology with an average diameter below 200 μm. The similar material properties validate the proposed gas-based technique as an equally effective yet more energy-efficient alternative to conventional aqueous acid hydrolysis for fabricating highly pure MCC powders from lignocellulose. This sustainable approach enables the value-addition of sugarcane bagasse agro-industrial residue into cellulosic nanomaterials for wide-ranging industrial applications. In summary, the key achievements of this work are rapid MCC production under mild temperatures using HCl gas, optimization of liquid phase hydrolysis, successful demonstration of gas phase method, and extensive characterization verifying equivalence between both protocols. The gas methodology offers a greener cellulose extraction process from biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with dilute phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid to facilitate cellulose hydrolysis and lignin extraction. With phosphoric acid, only 8 % of the initial cellulose was lost after delignification, whereas pretreatment with sulfuric acid resulted in the solubilization of 38 % of the initial cellulose. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the process using phosphoric acid produced approximately 35 % more glucose than that using sulfuric acid. In general, the lignins showed 95–97 % purity (total lignin, w /w), an average molar mass of 9500–10,200 g mol−1, a glass transition temperature of 140–160 °C, and a calorific value of 25 MJ kg−1. Phosphoric acid lignin (PAL) was slightly more polar than sulfuric acid lignin (SAL). PAL had 13 % more oxidized units and 20 % more OH groups than SAL. Regardless of the acid used, the lignins shared similar properties, but differed slightly in the characteristics of their functional groups and chemical bonds. These findings show that pretreatment catalyzed with either of the two acids resulted in lignin with sufficiently good characteristics for use in industrial processes. [Display omitted] • Lignin valorization via acid pretreatment boosts its industrial use. • Extracted lignins exhibit hight purity, molar mass and calorific value. • Lignin phosphoric acid had 13 % more oxidized units and 20 % more OH groups. • Phosphoric and sulfuric acid pretreatment yields 70–67 % cellulose conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are versatile materials with a three-dimensional network structure that can retain water and release bioactive compounds. They have found applications in various fields, including agriculture, biomaterial synthesis, and pharmaceuticals. Incorporating natural antimicrobial compounds into hydrogels is a promising approach to developing non-toxic biomedical materials, particularly for wound healing dressings. It was evaluated the extraction and use of cashew apple bagasse lignin (CAB-Lig) due to its healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties for producing a hydrogel-based bandage. The extraction process involved acid and alkali treatments followed by precipitation. The antimicrobial potential of CAB-Lig was evaluated at different concentrations for formulating hydrogels. Hydrogels containing 0.1 % and 3 % lignin showed high swelling and liquid retention abilities. The 3 % lignin hydrogel exhibited effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Incorporating CAB-Lig into the hydrogel structure improved its mechanical properties, making it more suitable for application as a bandage. Moreover, the extracted lignin showed low toxicity, indicating its safe use. A bandage was formulated by combining the CAB-Lig-based hydrogel with polyester, which possessed antimicrobial properties and demonstrated biocompatibility (L929 and HaCat cells). The results confirmed the potential of CAB-Lig for synthesizing hydrogels and dressings with antimicrobial properties, offering a sustainable solution for utilizing lignocellulosic biomass. [Display omitted] • CAB-Lig-formulated hydrogel enhanced the biomaterial's swelling and elasticity. • CAB-Lig showed inherent antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. • A new antimicrobial dressing was developed using CAB-Lig hydrogel and polyester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam explosion can be used to pretreat lignocellulosic materials to decrease energy and chemical consumption during pulping to obtain environmentally friendly lignin and to improve lignin yield without changing its structure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extraction of lignin from oil palm mesocarp fibers and sugarcane bagasse using steam explosion pretreatment followed by acetosolv. The biomasses were pretreated at 168 °C for a reaction time of 10 min. Steam explosion combined with acetosolv at lower severities was also carried out. Steam explosion followed by acetosolv increased the lignin yield by approximately 15% and 17% in oil palm mesocarp fibers and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. In addition, steam explosion decreased the reaction time of acetosolv four-fold while maintaining the lignin yield from sugarcane bagasse. Similar results were not obtained for oil palm mesocarp. High-purity and high-quality lignins were obtained using steam explosion pretreatment with structural characteristics similar to raw ones. Sugarcane bagasse lignin seems to be a better option for application in material science due its higher lignin yield and higher thermal stability. Our findings demonstrate that steam explosion is efficient for improving lignin yield and/or decreasing pulping severity. • Steam explosion is an adequate pretreatment for improving lignin extraction. • Lignin yield increases 15% using steam explosion pretreatment. • Steam explosion decreases 75% the severity of acetosolv process. • Steam explosion improves lignin yield without changing its structure. • Sugarcane bagasse is the better choice over oil palm fiber for obtaining lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper industry uses cationic polymers for imparting strong bonds with pulp furnish to enhance strength properties. Due to environmental reasons, emphasis is on utilization of biobased polymers in place of synthetic. Sugarcane bagasse, an agro-industrial waste, was processed for extraction of alpha cellulose and preparation of cationic derivative. Reaction conditions were optimized to achieve highly substituted cationic derivative with insertion of 2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonium) propyl group. Artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to analyze the experimental data for cationization modeling. Maximum degree of substitution 0.66, was achieved at 5.0 M NaOH/anhydro glucose unit (AGU), 20 °C alkalization temperature, 8 min alkalization time, 3.5 M/AGU etherification agent concentration, 45 min time and 60 °C etherification reaction temperature. The experimental results showed that mean square error values for input parameters were significantly low. The ANN based regression values of the output, and computed values of target were close to unity. ANN based fitting indicates better performance level to predict the degree of substitution. The synthesized cationic cellulose was characterized through FTIR, XRD, NMR, FESEM and TGA. The activity of cationized cellulose as wet-end additive was tested for bagasse, wheat straw and recycled pulps due to their shorten fiber and feeble pulp characters than wood pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse is a rich source of cellulose (32–45%), hemicellulose (20–32%) and lignin (17–32%), 1.0–9.0% ash and some extractives. Huge amount of the generation of sugarcane bagasse has been a great challenge to industries and environment at global level for many years. Though cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions in bagasse makes it a potential raw substrate for the production of value-added products at large scale, the presence of lignin hampers its saccharification which further leads to low yields of the value-added products. Therefore, an appropriate pretreatment strategy is of utmost importance that effectively solubilizes the lignin that exposes cellulose and hemicellulose for enzymatic action. Pretreatment also reduces the biomass recalcitrance i.e., cellulose crystallinity, structural complexity of cell wall and lignification for its effective utilization in biorefinery. Sugarcane bagasse served as nutrient medium for the cultivation of diverse microorganisms for the production of industrially important metabolites including enzymes, reducing sugars, prebiotic, organic acids and biofuels. Sugarcane bagasse has been utilized in the generation of electricity, syngas and as biosorbant in the bioremediation of heavy metals. Furthermore, the ash generated from bagasse is an excellent source for the synthesis of high strength and light weight bricks and tiles. Present review describes the utility of sugarcane bagasse as sustainable and renewable lignocellulosic substrate for the production of industrially important multifarious value-added products. • Sugarcane bagasse is an economical and sustainable biomass for value-added products. • Sugarcane bagasse served as nutrient medium for the growth of microorganisms. • Sugarcane bagasse has been utilized for cleaner production of biofuels, organic acids and enzymes using microbes. • Sugarcane bagasse has been used as animal feed, material for bricks and electricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose, the most abundant feedstock of chemicals and energy is extracted from various agro-industrial wastes, such as sugarcane bagasse (SB). Pretreatment of SB with ionic liquids improves extraction of cellulose, yet the use of ionic liquid is hindered by its high cost. In this study, cellulose was extracted from SB pretreated with methyltrioctylammonium chloride under relatively mild conditions. The extracted cellulose from pretreated SB (PTB) and untreated SB (UTB) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR. Fermentation of cellulose extracted from PTB by a thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus aestuarii UE25, yielded 245.16% higher titers of cellulase than cellulose extracted from UTB. The recyclability of the IL was assessed to make the pretreatment process cost effective and was monitored through TLC and FTIR. The results of this research demonstrated the potential of ionic liquid pretreated SB for cellulose extraction and for its subsequent utilization in thermostable cellulase production. Unlabelled Image • Cellulose was extracted from Methyltrioctylammonium chloride pretreated SB. • The IL could be recycled for five times without losing its efficiency. • Cellulose from SB enhanced the production of thermostable cellulase. • Cellulose from SB inhibited the production of other related enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to extract and characterize the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) present in different agro-industrial wastes such as walnut shells, corncob, and sugarcane bagasse. Moreover, it is also the aim of this study to convert MCCs to nanocrystalline cellulose fiber (NCCF), to demonstrate the difference in morphological, structural, thermal, and chemical natures. Corncob cellulose was observed to possess a loosely bounded linear bundle structure. Nanocrystalline cellulose fiber yield from walnut shell and sugarcane bagasse cellulose were higher than corncob cellulose. The thermal stability of cellulose was noted to be high for walnut shell NCCF. Nanocrystalline cellulose fiber of corncob and sugarcane bagasse was estimated to have a low thermal degradation temperature. All the MCCs and NCCFs produced from investigated cellulose sources were found to have type I cellulose. Functional group compositions of cellulose were observed to be intact for converted agro-based NCCF's. • The microwave digestion method was found to increase the yield of MCC. • The ball milling assisted ultra-sonication is a potential NCCF isolation method. • The thermal stability of NCCF was examined to be influenced by its isolation method. • Agro industrial wastes can be a potential source for isolation of MCC and NCCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreatment technology has attracted much attention as an effective method for the conversion of sugarcane bagasse into biochemicals. However, residual lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC) can negatively impact the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse. In this work, the changes in bagasse LCC after pretreatment with hot water and dilute acid were characterized by component analysis, 13C NMR and 1H-13C HSQC NMR to reveal the correlation between LCC structure and cellulase adsorption. A real-time dynamic model of LCC affecting adsorption of cellulase was constructed using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D). The QCM-D results demonstrated that cellulase exhibited different adsorption characteristics on different LCCs. For example, the maximum adsorption capacities for cellulase onto the raw material LCC (RW-LCC), hot water pretreated LCC (LHW-LCC), and dilute acid pretreated LCC (AP-LCC) at 4 °C were 29.0 ng/cm2, 94.9 ng/cm2 and 129.8 ng/cm2, respectively. In addition, the adsorption rate constants for cellulase on RM-LCC, LHW-LCC and AP-LCC at 4 °C were 0.09, 0.14 and 0.19, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based nanomaterials with antimicrobial functions hold promise in replacing petroleum-based packaging for food preservation. A nanocellulose-based hybrid film with antimicrobial properties was developed from sugarcane bagasse and nisin. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were prepared from sugarcane bagasse pulp by mechanical grinding, and mixed with nisin to prepare CNFs/nisin nanohybrid films. The concentration of nisin has a remarkable influence on the mechanical, light transmission, gas barrier, and antimicrobial properties of these films. CNFs/nisin hybrid films with 1920 mg/L nisin exhibit good light transmission, relatively high tensile strength, low oxygen permeability, and low water vapor transmission rates. This hybrid film was used as a liner of low-density polyethylene plastic packaging for ready-to-eat ham; it completely inhibited Listeria monocytogenes during 7 days of storage at 4 °C. Such novel CNFs/nisin nanohybrid films are expected to expand the application of bagasse nanocellulose in active packaging for food preservation. Unlabelled Image • Sugarcane bagasse as raw materials for cellulose nanofibrils by grinding. • Bagasse nanocellulose/nisin hybrid films exhibit good oxygen barrier and antimicrobial performance against L. monocytogenes. • Extended application of bagasse nanocellulose in active packaging for food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antibacterial polyelectrolyte carboxymethyl xylan/chitosan (CMX/CS) films incorporated with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO) were prepared and then characterized. Xylan-rich hemicelluloses (62.23%) were extracted from sugarcane bagasse pith and then subjected to carboxymethylation. FTIR analysis revealed the successful modification of hemicelluloses. The irregular white spots in SEM images of nanobiocomposites revealed the entrance of HNTs into the polymer matrix. EDX maps manifested that the density of Si and Al atoms increased, as the amount of HNT increased. The observed discontinuities for EO-containing nanobiocomposites in the SEM images may be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of EO. The barrier properties of the nanocomposites improved by incorporation of HNTs and O. vulgare. The tensile strength of nanocomposite improved significantly by incorporating HNT. EO/HNT-containing films exhibited a higher antibacterial activity against selected bacteria than HNT-containing films. • Polyelectrolyte nanocomposites were prepared by aiding HNT and EO into CMX/CS matrix. • The presence of HNTs caused to increase the thermal stability of nanocomposites. • WVP of nanobiocomposites improved by the incorporation of HNTs and O. vulgare oil. • The tensile strength of nanocomposite improved significantly by incorporating HNTs. • The antibacterial potential of nanocomposites improved by the incorporation of EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celluloses were extracted from teff straw (TS), enset fiber (EF), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and coffee hull (CH), agro-industrial byproducts generated in large quantities in Ethiopia. The present study aimed to explore these plant byproducts as alternative sources of cellulose for potential industrial applications, using various eco-friendly chlorine-free treatment conditions to obtain an optimum cellulose extraction condition. The byproducts and the as-extracted celluloses were analyzed for chemical compositions, yield, chemical functionality, crystallinity, thermal stability and morphology. EF yielded the highest cellulose content (60.0%), whereas CH the least (35.5%). FTIR spectra and ESEM morphological studies of the celluloses indicated progressive removal of non-cellulosic constituents. XRD analyses showed EF cellulose had the highest crystallinity index (CrI) (85.56%), crystallite size (5.52 nm), and proportion of crystallite interior chains of 200 plane (0.629), exhibiting unique physicochemical properties. The byproducts and the as-extracted celluloses showed Cellulose I β crystal lattice, while celluloses from EF and SB also displayed (partial) polymorphic transition into Cellulose II. TGA studies revealed enhanced stability of the as-extracted celluloses. On the basis of the physicochemical characteristics of the celluloses, all the byproducts studied could be considered as alternative sources of cellulose for potential value-added industrial applications. • Celluloses were extracted from TS, EF, CH and SB as alternative sources. • Simple and eco-friendly treatment condition was employed to extract the celluloses. • Cellulose from EF provided unique and superior physicochemical properties. • TGA/DTG analyses revealed enhanced stability of the as-extracted celluloses. • FTIR spectra and ESEM analyses confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous article, we reported on the physico-chemical properties of cellulose-based scaffolds derived from sugar-cane bagasse and their preliminary in vitro assessment. In view of skin tissue regeneration, we here present our findings of an extensive in vitro testing of these scaffolds using key cells involved in the wound healing cascade namely fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells and macrophages either singly or in various combinations to mimic in vivo conditions. Inflammation was quantified using TNF-α. In vivo biocompatibility as well as wound healing potential of the scaffolds was demonstrated using Wistar rats. Finally, we discuss the effect of curcumin-loaded scaffolds on inflammation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Nanosilica extracted from sugar-cane bagasse ash was also loaded in the scaffolds and its effect on biological response was assessed. • Biocompatibility of espun cellulose-PLLA blend mats established on Wistar rats • Sugarcane bagasse cellulose promotes multi-cellular cell growth in wound healing cascade. • Nanosilica-and curcumin-cellulose mats lower inflammation by suppressing TNF-α. • Enhanced neoangiogenesis in fibroblast and endothelial co-culture with cellulose • Curcumin-loaded cellulose-PLLA mats promote angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-value utilization of hemicellulose is critical to improve the append value of integrated biorefineries. In this research, the alkali-soluble sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose was sulfated using chlorosulfonic acid and N , N -dimethylformamide/LiCl under homogeneous conditions. With the aid of flow technique, a rapid, mild, and efficient method for the synthesis of xylan sulfate with high molecular weight and controllable degree of substitution was achieved. The results showed that the reaction time and the degradation of xylan chain were drastically reduced compared to the "in flask" batch conditions. High molecular weight of the product (M w = 148,217) with a reasonable degree of substitution (DS = 1.49) could be obtained even at room temperature in 10 min under the present flow system. Anticoagulant experiments showed good anticoagulant activity of the resultant xylan sulfate, which could significantly prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. This work not only provides a novel method for the synthesis of xylan sulfate, but also offers new opportunities for the production of other functional polysaccharide derivatives under the flow reaction conditions. • Flow synthesis of xylan sulfate from sugarcane bagasse was developed. • High M w of product with reasonable DS could be obtained even at room temperature. • The obtained xylan sulfate showed promising anticoagulant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, sugarcane bagasse, a low-priced by-product of the sugar industry, is generated in large quantities. The aim of this study was to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis condition for the extraction of lignin from sugarcane bagasse using response surface methodology combined with Box-Behnken design, and to evaluate functional properties of lignin extracts for cosmetic applications. Three process parameters were v aried (NaOH solution concentrations (3–7% w/v), temperatures (115–135 °C), and times (30–60 min)). The second-order polynomial model developed and the subsequent ANOVA test showed that the optimal conditions providing the highest total phenolic content (69.41 ± 0.32 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), antioxidant activity (262.30 ± 2.98 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract), and sun protection factor (8.65 ± 0.21) were as follows: NaOH solution concentration of 7% w/v, temperature of 135 °C, and time of 47.92 min. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the functional groups present in the lignin extract that affected its activities. The extract showed both UVA and UVB-absorbing properties and tyrosinase-inhibitory properties. The results suggested that the lignin extract obtained from alkaline hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse has great potential as a bioactive multi-functional ingredient that can offer anti-ageing, sun-protection, and skin-whitening properties for sun care formulations. Unlabelled Image • Lignin extracts had high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. • The extract provided broad-spectrum UVA/UVB protection. • The extract offered skin-whitening benefits due to its tyrosinase-inhibitory action. • Functional groups of the extract responsible for cosmetic properties were revealed. • The extract could be used as a multifunctional bioactive ingredient in sunscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose/clay composites were prepared and applied for the adsorption of Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL direct dye. The prepared composites were characterized by FTIR, TGA, EDX, SEM and XRD techniques. Bagasse was used as a cellulose source, while clay was obtained from local source, which was modified chemically before composite preparation. Adsorption efficiencies were compared of composite I and II as a function of contact time, temperature, pH, initial dye concentration and composite dose. Non-linear kinetic and equilibrium isotherm employed and dye adsorption data fitted well to pseudo-second order kinetics model. Among isotherms, the Redlich-Peterson isotherm well defined the sorption process of dye on to composites. Thermodynamic factors (ΔS°, ΔH° and ΔG°) revealed that the sorption process was spontaneous, exothermic and feasible. Cellulose/clay composite I and II removed 88.64% and 89.95% dye with 60 min at pH 2 and 30 °C, respectively. For reusability, desorption was performed using different eluting agents and NaOH showed higher desorption efficiency. For the treatment of wastewater, the developed composites were applied to textile effluents and color removal of (90–96.07%) and (97–98.23%) was achieved using cellulose/clay composite I and II, respectively. The results showed that cellulose/clay composite are efficient for the removal dyes and could possibly be used for the treatment of textile effluents. • Cellulose biocomposites were prepared with clay. • Composites were characterized by FTIR, TGA, EDX, SEM and XRD techniques. • Process variables were optimized for the removal of Drimarine Yellow HF-3GL dye. • Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics were applied to evaluate the adsorption nature. • The biocomposites showed promising efficiency for textile wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric biocomposites (Polyaniline/sugarcane bagasse (Pan/SB), polypyrrole (PPy/SB), polyaniline/chitosan (PAn/Ch), polyaniline/starch (PAn/St) and polypyrrole/starch (PPy/St)) were prepared and applied for Acid Black-234 (AB-234) dye removal as a function of pH, reaction time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature. The optimum pH for the efficient adsorption for SB, PPy/SB, PAn/SB, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St were 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3 and 3, respectively using adsorbent dose of 0.05 g for the reaction time of 60 min. The pseudo-first-order-kinetic model better explained the biosorption processes of SB, PAn/SB, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St, while pseudo-second-order kinetic model better fitted to the kinetic data of PPy/SB and PPy/Ch. It was observed that the biosorption process of dye showed the satisfactory fitness for Langmuir isotherm for the biosorbents with maximum adsorption capacities 52.6, 100, 90.91, 90.0, 71.4, 66.6 and 62.5 for SB, PPy/SB, PAn/SB, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St, respectively. The thermodynamic study revealed the exothermic nature of adsorption of dye on to biocomposites. Results revealed that polymeric biocomposites are efficient adsorbent and could possibly be used for the adsorption of dyes from textile wastewater. • Chitosan, starch, polyaniline and polypyrrole composites were prepared with sugarcane bagasse. • Composites were characterized and used for the adsorption of Acid Black-234 dye. • Dye adsorption followed the pseudo-first-order-kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm • The biocomposites have potential to remove dye from textile wastewater [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five sugarcane bagasse lignin samples, namely, dilute sulfuric acid (DSAL), sodium hydroxide (SHL), ethanol (EL), hot liquid water (HLWL)-pretreated residual solids, and raw material (cellulolytic enzyme lignin, CEL), were extracted. Comparative studies on the physicochemical properties of isolated lignin, nonproductive adsorption of cellulase by lignin, and its effect on enzymatic hydrolysis was performed. Results showed that the molecular weight and homogeneity of lignin remarkably decreased after pretreatment compared with CEL. Lignin with low negative zeta potential, high phenolic hydroxyl group content and hydrophobicity exhibited strong nonproductive adsorption performance to cellulase. This phenomenon was positively correlated with it's inhibitory effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. Compared with the control (without lignin), the Avicel conversion rate (40 mg lignin/200 mg Avicel) decreased by 10.74%, 9.28%, 8.73%, 4.22%, and 2.80% after digestion of Avicel for 72 h with the presence of EL, SHL, CEL, HLWL, and DSAL, respectively. Unlabelled Image • Analyzed the physicochemical properties of lignin samples • Lignin structure altered differentially at different pretreatment conditions. • Lignin with high hydrophobicity and zeta potential causes more adsorption. • The digestibility of cellulose was inhibited at the presence of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated by sodium hydroxide (SH), alkaline ethanol (AE) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP), and the solid residue with similar lignin content after different pretreatment was selected. Enzymatic saccharification with different substrates was performed at 2%, 10%, and 20% (w / v) solid loading. After that, the lignin from different substrate was extracted and its structure was characterized. Furthermore, the adsorption capability of isolated lignin to cellulase and its effect on enzymatic hydrolysis were studied. The results showed that, as the substrate content increased from 2% (w/v) to 20% (w/v), the glucose yield after digestion of SH, AE, and AHP pretreated SCB reduced by 41.8%, 35.4%, and 28.7%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of different prepared lignin on the digestibility of Avicel was as follows, SH pretreated lignin (SHL) > cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (CEL) > AE pretreated lignin (AEL) > AHP pretreated lignin (AHPL), which exhibited positive correlation with its non-productive adsorption capability to cellulase. Lignin samples with low negative zeta potential, high hydrophobicity and high ration of syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) were unfavorable for the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. Unlabelled Image • Enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of sugarcane bagasse tends to decrease as substrate content increased. • Phenolic hydroxyl content and S/G ratio of lignin exhibited positive correlation with its adsorption capability to cellulase. • Increasing the negative zeta potential of lignin can reduce its non-productive adsorption of cellulase. • The inhibitory effect on enzymatic hydrolysis caused by lignin was reduced after AHP and AE pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an environment-friendly preparation method for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite is significant. However, it remains challenges in size adjustment and content improvement of AgNPs. Here, the NaIO 4 oxidation and TEMPO-mediated oxidation were applied to bagasse pulp to prepare nanocellulose (NC) with both carboxyl and aldehyde groups. The aldehyde content of NC could be adjusted in the range of 0.21–1.45 mmol/g by different NaIO 4 oxidation times. When the carboxyl groups were protonated, NC with a high length-diameter ratio could construct stable hydrogels in a low concentration at 0.5 wt%. The NC hydrogels showed excellent in situ synthesis ability of AgNPs with abundant pore structure. By regulating the carboxyl group content of NC, the size distribution of synthesized AgNPs could be controlled in the range of 7.14–28.6 nm with high content of 6.79–11.0 %. The NC/AgNPs composite hydrogel exhibited high catalytic degradation activity for 4-nitrophenol and antibacterial activity. This approach for constructing NC hydrogel paves the way for AgNPs composite products with adjustable sizes and high contents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial aspect in achieving sustainable development of biomass materials is the modification of renewable polysaccharides to create various high-value functional materials. In this paper, bagasse xylan (BX) was used as a raw material to introduce benzyl methacrylate (BMA) through graft copolymerization reaction to generate the intermediate product BX-g-BMA. Subsequently, the target product (CA-BX-g-BMA) was synthesized by catalytic esterification of BX-g-BMA with citric acid (CA) in AmimCl ionic liquid. Meanwhile, the characterization and bioactivity studies of CA-BX-g-BMA were carried out. The graft copolymerization and esterification reactions induced significant changes in the morphological structure of BX and obviously improved its thermal stability and crystallinity. The application of density functional theory (DFT), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and molecular docking has revealed that CA-BX-g-BMA possesses multiple active sites, strong biological activity and a strong binding affinity to 6RCF tumor protein with a binding energy of −32.26 kJ/mol. The in vitro antitumor activity of this novel derivative was tested by MTT assay, and the results showed that CA-BX-g-BMA was non-toxic to normal cells and inhibited MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cells) by up to 32.16 % ± 4.89 %, which is approximately 11 times higher than that of BX. The exploration of these properties is essential to promote future multidisciplinary applications of BX derivatives. Schematic diagram of the synthesis process and activity investigations for CA-BX-g-BMA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to evaluate the Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride (IL) and Sodium hydroxide effect on sugarcane bagasse (SB) structure and its subsequent utilization to produce cellulase from a thermophilic bacterium Bacillus aestuarii UE25. The strain was isolated from a crocodile pond of Manghopir, Karachi. Ten different factors affecting IL pretreatment of SB and cellulase production by UE25 were evaluated by Plackett-Burman design and three significant factors were optimized by employing Box Behnken design. Under optimum conditions, the strain produced 118.4 IU mL−1 of EG and 75.01 IU mL−1 of BGL that corroborated well with the predicted values by the model. Scanning electron microscopy, gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR of SB revealed removal of lignin, decrease in cellulose content and structural changes in the SB after pretreatment and fermentation. The data provide prospects of utilizing this IL in comparison to imidazolium based IL for pretreatment of biomass. • This is the first study describing cellulase production from thermophilic strain of B. aestuarii. • Methyltrioctylammonium chloride was used to remove lignin from sugarcane bagasse. • Structural changes in the substrate were evident by SEM, FTIR and NMR. • Under optimized conditions the strains produced 118.4 IU mL−1 of endoglucanase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava bagasse, a high-fiber coproduct of cassava starch processing, was used to produce lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF) to apply as reinforcement in cassava starch films. LCNF-reinforced cast starch films were evaluated for changes in structural, thermal and mechanical properties and compared with control films reinforced with commercial grade nanoclay (Nclay). Five different types of cassava starch cast-films were produced: no-reinforcement control, two LCNF-reinforced, and two Nclay-reinforced, each at 0.65 and 1.3% w w−1. The LCNF morphology showed the characteristic microscopic structure of lignocellulose nanofibers, with an aspect ratio > 85 and average diameter of 4.5 nm. All reinforced films were transparent and had a good distribution of the nanoparticles within. The opacity values reduced for the films with all nanoreinforcements, compared to control. The permeability to water vapor reduced with reinforcements, with lower values for the films tested with LCNF 0.65 and Nclay 1.3. Thermal stability improved with 1.3% of LCNF and both concentrations of Nclay. Tensile stress for films increased and elongation at break value decreased with both types of nanoreinforcements. Unlabelled Image • Films reinforced with LCNF performed better compared with films with Nclay. • The elongation at break decreased and the tensile stress increased with both reinforcements. • The films can be applied as food packaging due to barrier and tensile properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial Cellulose (BC), a valuable biopolymer gaining importance over the past few decades due to its remarkable properties and applications. In this study, crude distillery effluent having a high COD value of 87,433 mg/L was used to produce Bacterial Cellulose under static fermentation by Komagataeibacter saccharivorans , a novel isolated bacterial strain. 1.24 g/L of cellulose production was noted after eight days along with 23.6% reduction in COD value. The BC pellicle was purified, lyophilized and stored. Further, the lyophilized BC pellicle was subjected to characterization techniques such as SEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, NMR and TLC. Morphological analysis revealed that cellulose fibers were dense with higher porosity and an average fiber width of 60 nm. FTIR depicted similar functional groups as that of BC-HS medium. TLC of the biopolymer was performed to evaluate its purity. X-ray diffraction and 13C NMR studies gave more insights about the crystalline and the amorphous regions; the synthesized polymer exhibited 80.2% as crystallinity and crystallite size of 8.36. Hence, the present study demonstrates that distillery effluent waters could be effectively reused as production medium fulfilling two objectives namely one reducing COD and making the effluent safe for disposal and two to produce a value-added product. • Crude distillery effluent as medium for Bacterial Cellulose (BC) production. • COD reduction along with BC production rate was monitored. • BC pellicle was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, NMR and TLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endopolygalacturonase (EndoPG) from Stereum purpureum was expressed as a soluble protein in Pichia pastoris GS115, where after 3 days methanol induction the enzyme activity in the culture supernatant was 40 U mL−1. After purification by IMAC, SDS–PAGE analysis showed that the molecular weight of EndoPG was approximately 60.0 kDa. The carbohydrate content of the recombinant enzyme was estimated to be 67.0% (w/w). The optimum temperature and pH of catalysis were 60–70 °C and pH of 4.5, respectively. The enzyme was highly stable over the pH range 6.0–8.0 and retained approximately 60% of its initial activity after incubation at 70 °C for 30 min. The enzyme showed a specific activity of 5040.0 ± 217 U mg−1 and hydrolyzed citrus pectin with V max and a K M of 4947.10 ± 393.63 U mg−1 and 2.45 ± 0.23 mg mL−1, respectively, and showed a catalytic efficiency of 2052.90 ± 193.54 mL mg−1 s−1. EndoPG alone reduced the viscosity of papaya juice by 20% after 30 min, and increased its transmittance about 50% with a concomitant reduction of the color by about 55% after 5 h of enzymatic treatment. For apple juice, the relative reduction of viscosity was 30% after 5 h, and the reduction of the color was 30% with a 12% increase in transmittance. Supplementation of a commercial enzymatic cocktail for lignocellulose saccharification with EndoPG increased total reducing sugar release by 8.6 ± 2.1% against sugar cane bagasse, indicating improved access of the cellulolytic enzymes to the biomass polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, highly porous N/S doped magnetic carbon aerogel (N/S-MCA) was successfully fabricated using sugarcane bagasse based cellulose and used for the removal of bisphenol‑A (BPA) from aqueous solution. The fabricated N/S-MCA nanocomposite derived from cellulose was characterized by various analytical techniques and supports the formation of the N/S-MCA in good yield and high purity. The batch adsorption studies were used for the adsorption of BPA onto N/S-MCA. The maximum removal of the BPA (98–99%) by the N/S-MCA was noted at pH 7, temperature 343 K, and initial BPA concentration of 100 ppm. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics, as well as Langmuir isotherms. The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption (the Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy) supported the spontaneity of the adsorption process. The results revealed that the mechanism on the synergistic adsorption between N/S doped magnetic carbon aerogel and BPA will therefore be an important guideline to design a carbon based adsorbent for high-efficient adsorption of environmental pollutants. Unlabelled Image • N/S doped magnetic carbon aerogel (N/S-MCA) was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse. • The (N/S-MCA) nanocomposite showed the high rates of adsorption for BPA. • The adsorption was support the second order adsorption for BPA. • The (N/S-MCA) was regenerated by simply washing with M methanol solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pullulan is a biopolymer used in food industry produced by Aureobasidium pullulans from starch. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) hydrolysate was evaluated as an alternative substrate in fermentation process assisted by blue LED lights. The best fermentation conditions in Erlenmeyer flasks were 25.3 °C, stirring speed of 232 rpm and yeast extract concentration of 1.88 g/L, yielding 25.19 g/L of pullulan, that corresponded to yield of 0.48 g/g and 0.28 g/(L·h) of volumetric productivity. By using a column bubble photobioreactor, similar yield values were obtained. Thermal properties of the produced pullulan as glass transition (Tg) and melting (Tm) temperatures were 38 °C and 160 °C, respectively, which were similar to the corresponding values of commercial food grade pullulan. Therefore, SCB hydrolysate is a promising substrate to produce good quality pullulan (86% of purity) with application in food industry, besides to represent a new alternative for biorefineries. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate is a potential substrate for pullulan production. • Sugars present in the hydrolysate are converted to pullulan by yeast-like fungus. • Bubble column reactor showed a good performance for pullulan production. • Properties of pullulan from SCB are comparable to commercial food grade pullulan. • Pullulan production is a promising alternative in a biorefinery context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A two-stage pretreatment process using alkaline and xylanase-assisted pretreatments was studied and compared to one-step alkaline pretreatment to investigate the effect of xylanase-assisted pretreatments on the properties of fibers and regenerated cellulose films. The alkaline-xylanase bleached fibers (AXB-fibers) could reduce bleaching time from 6 to 4 times to obtain an 83.3% whiteness index. A substantial proportion of the cellulose content (83%) was successfully extracted from sugarcane bagasse using the two-step process. Moreover, the fiber had an increased crystallinity index and thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that hemicellulose and lignin were removed from the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) structure during the cellulose extraction process. The alkaline bleached fibers (AB-fibers) and AXB-fibers were dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and regenerated cellulose films, AB-films and AXB-films, respectively, were prepared from the solutions. SEM images showed that both cellulose films were homogeneous and had a smooth surface. FTIR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses corroborated that the transition from cellulose I to cellulose II occurred during the dissolution and regeneration process. Furthermore, the AXB-films displayed higher thermal stability and mechanical properties (258 °C and 90.43 MPa for the onset temperature and tensile strength, respectively) than those of the AB-films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the stepwise synthesis of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) strategy was developed in an attempt to fabricate novel hydrogels consisting of sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) as a dual-responsive drug carrier. The pretreated and dissolved SBC was pre-crosslinked using epichlorohydrin in the presence of CMC, followed by in-situ free-radical polymerization of NIPAm in the presence of N,N′-Methylene-bis(acrylamide) as a crosslinking agent. The carboxyl groups in CMC and PNIPAm chains rendered the resulting hydrogel pH and thermal responsive. The results from scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and mechanical property testing demonstrated the successful formation of the IPN with proper structure and mechanical strength. The swelling experiments at different temperatures and pH showed the dual–sensibility of the hydrogels. Moreover, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model drug and loaded in the hydrogel; and the drug release behavior was revealed in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The results indicated that the dual-responsive IPN hydrogel is of great potential for the controlled release of drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence of mercury ions in water, even in trace amounts, is a serious environmental hazard. Hence, there is imperative need to develop innovative and environmentally-friendly materials for their removal from wastewaters. In the present study, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) extracted from bagasse was esterified with l -cysteine to yield thiol and amine functionalized green material (Cys-CNFs) for removal of Hg 2+ ions. The Cys-CNFs were well characterized by SEM, TEM, FTIR, EDS and XRD and evaluated for selective removal of Hg 2+ ions from the simulated wastewater. It was observed that Cys-CNFs adsorb Hg 2+ ions even at a very low concentration of 1.0 mg/L and it exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 116.822 mg g −1 . Kinetic analysis of the data revealed that pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm were followed for adsorption of Hg 2+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental issues are promoting the development of innovative technologies for the production of renewable energy and “green products” from plant biomass residues. These technologies rely on the conversion of the plant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharides into simple sugars, which involve synergistic activities of different PCW degrading enzymes, including xylanases; these are widely applied in food and feed sectors, paper and textile industries, among others. We cloned, expressed and biochemically characterized a novel xylanase ( Xyn10 ) from the GH10 identified in a metatranscriptome of compost-derived microbial consortia and determined its low-resolution SAXS molecular envelope in solution. Our results reveal that Xyn10 is a monomeric flexible globular enzyme, with high stability with a broad pH range from 4 to 10 and optimal activity conditions at pH 7 and 40 °C. Only 10% of activity loss was observed after the enzyme was incubated for 30 h at 40 °C with a pH ranging from 5 to 10. Moreover, Xyn10 maintained 100% of its initial activity after incubation for 120 h at 40 °C and 51% after incubation for 24 h at 50 °C (pH = 7.0). Xyn10 shows endocatalytic activity towards xylan and arabinoxylan, liberating xylose, xylobiose, 1,2-α- d -methylglucuronic acid decorated xylotriose, and 1,3-α- l -arabinofuranose decorated xylobiose and xylotriose oligosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel effective cellulose-based adsorbent was prepared through two common reactions, which included the esterification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose with excess stearic acid and the reaction of grafting polyacrylamide brush by ultraviolet radiation initiation. The adsorbent can effectively adsorb Hg(II) ion from wastewater. The characterization of the adsorbents was conducted by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Full kinetic and thermodynamic investigations as well as isotherm analysis were also undertaken. Due to the abundant amide groups, the cellulose-based adsorbents exhibit excellent adsorption performance for the removal of Hg(II) ion from aqueous solution with a maximum adsorption capacity of 178 mg/g. Furthermore, the cellulose-based adsorbents can be easily separated from the aqueous solution after adsorption and regenerated using 0.2 M HCl solution, which exhibits high adsorption capacity after six adsorption–desorption cycles. In view of the easily-operated cost-effective preparation technique, substantial adsorption efficiency and excellent adsorption recyclability, therefore, the eco-friendly cellulose-based adsorbents could be used for water purification effectively. More importantly, this work improves value of low-cost biomass resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One full-length β-xylosidase gene ( hxylA ) was identified from the Humicola grisea var. thermoidea genome and the cDNA was successfully expressed by Pichia pastoris SMD1168. An optimization of enzyme production was carried out, and methanol was found to be the most important parameter. The purified enzyme was characterized and showed the optimal conditions for the highest activity at pH 7.0 and 50 °C, being thermostable by maintaining 41% of its activity after 12 h incubated at 50 °C. HXYLA is a bifunctional enzyme; it showed both β-xylosidase and α-arabinfuranosidase activities. The K m and V max values were 1.3 mM and 39.1 U/mg, respectively, against 4-nitrophenyl β-xylopyranoside. HXYLA showed a relatively strong tolerance to xylose with high K i value of 603 mM, with the xylose being a non-competitive inhibitor. HXYLA was successfully used simultaneously and sequentially with an endo-xylanase for analysis of synergism in the degradation of commercial xylans. Furthermore, commercial cellulases supplementation with HXYLA during sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis increased hydrolysis in 29%. HXYLA is distinguished from other β-xylosidases by the attractive characteristics for industrial applications such as thermostability, high tolerance xylose and saccharification of biomass by convert xylan into fementable monosaccharides and improve cellulose hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]