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In today's world, cancer is still the leading cause of human death. Among them, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer remain high, and have become the focus of research in the world. BEAP, a protein with anti-lung cancer activity, was isolated and purified from the edible mushroom Boletus edulis. Previous studies have shown that BEAP can inhibit the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo. However, there are many ways in which antitumor proteins from edible and medicinal mushroom play their roles. It is worth exploring whether there are other antitumor mechanisms of BEAP, which can provide reference value for the development of new drugs targeting non-small cell lung cancer and the repurposing of existing drugs.

A water soluble polysaccharide (PGPS) with molecular weight ~ 1.4 × 105 Da was isolated by alkali treatment from an edible mushroom Polyporus grammocephalus and purified by gel chromatography using sepharose-6B column. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that PGPS was made up of glucose only. PGPS contained (1 → 3)-α-D-Glcp and (1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp moieties in a molar ratio of nearly 1:2. Through a series of chemical and spectroscopic (1D/2D NMR) investigations, the repeating unit of the glucan was established as: →3)-α-D-Glcp(1 → [4)-α-D-Glcp(1]2→ This α-glucan was observed to stimulate some prime components of immune system, namely, macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.

We herein report chitin-glucan nanofibrils from edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes (CGNFs) as a novel stabilizer for palm oil Pickering emulsion (o/w, 30:70, v:v). Generally, these CGNFs being composed of glucose and glucosamine, are threadlike with 4.9 ± 1.2 nm wide and 222.6 ± 91.9 nm long. They were easily absorbed on the oil-water interface to form a compact layer around the oil droplets referring to Pickering emulsion. This emulsion presented shear-thinning and gel-like behaviors, wherein CGNFs concentration had a profound influence on the emulsion volume, droplet size, and stabilization index. Moreover, CGNFs showed an ability to stabilize the emulsion with a minimum of surface coverage approximately 30%. It indicated that moderate concentration of NaCl improved the emulsification effect, and the emulsion were stable in a large range of pH. These CGNFs are easy to prepare, eco-friendly and sustainable, which provides a potential for large-scale application of Pickering emulsion in food and nutraceuticals fields.

A water soluble heteroglycan (THPS) of an average molecular weight ~1.98 × 105 Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii. Structural characterization of THPS was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and 1D/2D NMR studies. Sugar analysis indicated the presence of glucose, mannose, galactose, and fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 6:2:2:1. The repeating unit of the THPS had a backbone consisting of four (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, one (1 → 6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, two (1 → 3)-α-D-manopyranosyl, and two (1 → 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl residue and one (1 → 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-L-fucopyranosyl residue.

A β-D-glucan was obtained from the edible mushroom Pholiota nameko by hot aqueous extraction and purification. NMR and methylation analyses of the purified fraction (GHW-PN, 1.46% yield) indicated the presence of a (1 → 3)-linked β-D-glucan, highly substituted (~27%) at O-6 by single units of β-D-Glcp or by (1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp fragments. The β-glucan (at 0.5, 1, and 2%) showed shear thinning behavior and when the concentration of the solution increased, there was an increase in apparent viscosity. The β-D-glucan presented gel-like behavior and thermal stability under a simulated pasteurization process, suggesting its potential as a thickening and gelling agent in products submitted to temperature variations. The β-D-glucan at 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg kg−1 significantly inhibited the inflammatory pain in 24.8, 56.9 and 82.3%, respectively, in the formalin-induced nociception in mice. The results pointed out that the β-D-glucan (GHW-PN) isolated from P. nameko presents potential application for the food industry or for medical purposes.

A new anti-tumor protein (designated as Boletus edulis or in short BEAP) was isolated from dried fruit bodies of the edible bolete mushroom Boletus edulis. The purification protocol employed comprised fast ion exchange chromatography on a Hitrap Q column and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-52 cellulose column. Superdex G75 gel filtration and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that BEAP was a protein with a molecular weight of 16.7 KD. The protein exhibited potent anti-cancer activity on A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo. With the use of AO/EB staining, annexin V-FITC/PI, and Western blotting, it was demonstrated in vitro that the cytotoxicity of BEAP was mediated by induction of apoptosis and arrest of A549 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. BEAP significantly suppressed the growth of A549 solid tumors in vivo. These results prove that BEAP is a new multifunctional protein with anti-tumor and anti-metastasis capabilities.

A new water soluble galactoglucan with apparent molecular weight ~1.61 × 105 Da, was isolated from the edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor by hot water extraction followed by purification through dialysis tubing cellulose membrane and sepharose 6B column chromatography. The sugar analysis showed the presence of glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of nearly 3:1 respectively. The structure of the repeating unit in the polysaccharide was determined through chemical and NMR experiments as: Download : Download high-res image (50KB) Download : Download full-size image In vitro antioxidant studies showed that the PDPS exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 1.681 ± 0.034 mg/mL), DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 3.83 ± 0.427 mg/mL), reducing power (EC50 = 4.258 ± 0.095 mg/mL), and ABTS radical quenching activity (EC50 = 0.816 ± 0.077 mg/mL). So, PDPS should be explored as a natural antioxidant.

Tremella fuciformis is an important edible mushroom that has been widely cultivated and used as food and medicinal ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. In the past decades, many researchers have reported that T. fuciformis polysaccharides (TPS) possess various bioactivities, including anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, repairing brain memory impairment, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic. The structural characteristic of TPS has also been extensively investigated using advanced modern analytical technologies such as NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS and FT-IR to dissect the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the TPS biomacromolecule. This article reviews the recent progress in the extraction, purification, structural characterization and applications of TPS.

The edible mushroom G. frondosa has been used as a kind of functional food for the prevention and therapy of various diseases in Asian countries. In the present work, a novel acid-soluble polysaccharide (GFAP) was successfully isolated from G. frondosa under room temperature and hydrochloric acid solution treatment. Results of chemical composition analysis, UV and HPGPC spectra showed that GFAP mainly contained 94.28% of carbohydrate with the average molecular weight of about 644.9 kDa. GC, FT-IR, NMR and methylation analysis further indicated that GFAP was a neutral sugar mainly composed of (1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp and (1 → 3)-α-D-Manp. The in vivo antitumor experiments demonstrated that GFAP could effectively protect thymuses and spleens of tumor-bearing mice and inhibit the growth of H22 solid tumors with the inhibitory rate of 36.72%. Besides, GFAP could significantly improve the activities of NK cells, macrophages, CD19+ B cells and CD4+ T cells, leading to the apoptosis of H22 cells via G0/G1 phase arrested. Our data demonstrated that GFAP holds great application prospect to be a safe and effective antitumor adjuvant in the future.

A water-soluble heteroglycan (PS-I) isolated from the aqueous extract of a wild edible mushroom Lentinus sajor-caju showed average molecular weight ∼1.79×105Da. The structure of the polysaccharide was determined using chemical and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Acid hydrolysis indicated the presence of d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, and l-fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 4:4:1:1 respectively. The presence of terminal Fucp, terminal Galp, (1→3)-Glcp, (1→6)-Galp, (1→6)-Glcp, (1→4,6)-Galp, and (1→2,4)-Manp moieties were established from methylation analysis. The chemical and NMR analyses indicated that the PS-I was a heteroglycan composed of a repeating unit with backbone chain of three (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, two (1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl residues, one (1→4)-α-d-mannopyranosyl residue, and two (1→3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl residues where one (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-4 position with terminal α-l-fucopyranosyl residue and (1→4)-α-d-mannopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-d-galactopyranosyl residue and the structure was proposed as; The PS-I is a moderate antioxidant compound which showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging property, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating ability.

Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom or king oyster mushroom) is an edible mushroom cultivated widely in many regions of the world. Polysaccharides from P. eryngii have a variety of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, immunoregulatory and bacteriostatic. This paper reviews the extraction/purification, structural analysis and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from this mushroom and provides updated research progress in areas important for the processing and product development of P. eryngii derived agents.

A water soluble branched β- d -glucan (PS-I) with an average molecular weight ∼2.1 × 10 5 Da was isolated from alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of the edible mushroom Entoloma lividoalbum (Kuhner & Romagn) Kubicka which consists of terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl, (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, (1 → 6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, and (1 → 3,6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl moieties in a molar ratio of nearly 1:3:2:1. The structure of PS-I was elucidated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. The repeating unit of the polysaccharide (PS-I) contains a backbone chain of three (1 → 6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl residues, one of which was branched at O -3 position with the side chain consisting of three (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl and a terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl residues. Total antioxidant capacity of 1 mg PS-I was measured and found equivalent to 70 ± 15 μg of ascorbic acid. The PS-I was found to possess hydroxyl and superoxide radical-scavenging activities with EC 50 values of 480 and 150 μg/mL, respectively. The reducing power of PS-I was determined 0.5 at 480 μg/mL.

Agaricus brasiliensis is an edible mushroom, traditionally used for the treatment of several diseases. In this paper, a polysaccharide (PLS) from A. brasiliensis, its carboxymethylated (CPLS) and sulfated (SPLS) derivatives, as well as, fractions (F1–F3) obtained from the PLS were investigated for their effect in the replication of herpes simplex virus and bovine herpes virus in HEp-2 cell cultures. The PLS, SPLS and F3 inhibited both virus strains similarly, in a dose-dependent curve. F1, F2 and CPLS did not show significant effect even at higher concentrations. All the compounds showed neither virucidal or viral adsorption inhibition activities nor effect when cells were treated prior to infection. Our study demonstrated that the extracts of A. brasiliensis, can be promising for future antiviral drug design and its biotechnological production is economically feasible.

A water soluble heteroglycan (PCPS) was isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom Pleurotus cystidiosus. Structural characterization of the heteroglycan was carried out using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Sugar analysis indicated the presence of glucose, galactose, and mannose in a molar ratio of nearly 6:2:1 respectively. The chemical and NMR analysis of the PCPS indicated the presence of a repeating unit with a backbone consisting of one unit of (1 → 6)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, two (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl, one (1 → 3)-α- d -glucopyranosyl, one (1 → 6)-α- d -glucopyranosyl, and two (1 → 6)-α- d -galactopyranosyl moieties respectively, out of which one (1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O -6 with terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl and another (1 → 6)-α- d -galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O -2 with terminal β- d -mannopyranosyl moiety. The polysaccharide was found to exhibit cellular activities at different concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL) and maintained the redox balance as well as reduced lipid per oxidation which protect the cell destruction.

Two different glucans (PS-I and PS-II) were isolated from the alkaline extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus florida blue variant and the PS-I showed macrophage, splenocyte and thymocyte activations. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of these polysaccharides were established.

Hericium erinaceum was a traditional edible mushroom in Asia. In this study, we extracted polysaccharides from H. erinaceum. HPLC analysis indicated that H. erinaceum polysaccharides were mainly composed of glucose and galactose. The FT-IR spectra of H. erinaceum polysaccharides showed characteristic absorption bands of polysaccharides. The pharmacological properties of H. erinaceum polysaccharides were investigated in aged rats. Results showed that H. erinaceum polysaccharides significantly enhanced skin antioxidant enzymes, MMP-1, TIMP-1 activities and collagen protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. It can be concluded that H. erinaceum polysaccharides possess anti-skin-aging activities.

Jinqian mushroom is a precious edible mushroom with delicious taste and high nutritional value. In this paper, a polysaccharide fraction JQPs was isolated and purified from the fruiting body of Jinqian mushroom. The chemical structure, chain conformation and antioxidant activities of JQPs were investigated. The results indicated that JQPs was mainly composed of glucose with trace amounts of xylose. The backbone of JQPs consisted of β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan with β-(1 → 6)-glucosyl side chain. The chain conformation analysis showed that JQPs was a triple helical polysaccharide. The antioxidant activity tests in vitro revealed that JQPs exhibited high DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activities, moderate superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, low reducing power and Fe(2+) chelating activities. The results suggested that JQPs could be used as a potential natural antioxidant.

A water soluble branched glucan (PS-I) was isolated from aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom Macrolepiota dolichaula , having average molecular weight ∼2.02 × 10 5 Da. The structure of this PS-I was determined using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Total hydrolysis and methylation analysis results showed the presence of (1 → 3, 6)-, (1 → 6)-, (1 → 4)-, (1 → 3)-linked and terminal β- d -glucopyranosyl residues in a relative proportion of nearly 1:2:1:1:1. All the chemical and NMR results indicated that the PS-I was a branched glucan, and the repeating unit of this glucan consisted of a backbone chain of three (1 → 6)-linked-β- d -glucopyranosyl residues where one of the backbone residues is branched at O -3 with (1 → 3)- moiety which is further attached to another (1 → 4)- residue and terminated with a non-reducing β- d -glucopyranosyl residue. The PS-I exhibited in vitro macrophage activation in RAW 264.7 cell line as well as splenocyte and thymocyte activation in mouse cell culture medium.

Pleurotus eryngii, an edible mushroom with therapeutic potential was optimized using response surface methodology of four-factor Box-Behnken design for maximum mycelial biomass and extracellular glucan (EPS) production. The model predicts to gain a maximal mycelial biomass and extracellular polysaccharide at 39.4 g/l; 36.04 g/l of glucose, 8.27 g/l; 7.51 g/l of yeast extract, pH 6.99; 7.07 and temperature 26.2°C; 25.84°C, respectively. The validation experiments showed that the model was significant and in close agreement with the model prediction. The evaluation of extracellular polysaccharide on angiogenesis by ex vivo CAM assay showed that there was significant inhibition in neo-vascularization.

A water-soluble polysaccharide with a molar weight of 4.3 x 10(5) Da, termed as HBP was isolated from the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom, Sarcodon aspratus (Berk.) S. Ito. Composition, methylation analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments were conducted to elucidate its structure. The results indicated that HBP is a glucan featuring a backbone of (1 -> 6)-linked-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues, which occasionally branched at O-3 position on along the backbone and substituted by the side chains that consisting of (1 -> 3)-linked-beta-D-glucopyranosyl, (1 -> 4)-linked-beta-D-glucopyranosyl and non-reducing end beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues. Immunological activity evaluation by H-3-thymidine incorporation method revealed that HBP can significantly stimulate the proliferation of the cultured mice spleen lymphocyte in a dose-dependent manner, thus, HBP is a promising potential immunomodulator that can be used as healthcare food or medicine against pathogens and tumors. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.