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Plastics play an essential role in food packaging; their primary function is to preserve the nature of the food, ensure adequate shelf life and ensure food safety. Plastics are being produced on a global scale in excess of 320 million tonnes annually, with demand rising to reflect the material in wide range of applications. Nowadays, the packaging industry is a significant consumer of synthetic plastic made from fossil fuels. Petrochemical-based plastics are regarded as the preferred material for packaging. Nonetheless, using these plastics in large quantities results in a long-standing environment. Environmental pollution and the depletion of fossil fuels have prompted researchers and manufacturers to develop eco-friendly biodegradable polymers to replace petrochemical-based polymers. As a result, the production of eco-friendly food packaging material has sparked increased interest as a viable alternative to petrochemical-based polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the compostable thermoplastic biopolymers that is biodegradable and renewable in nature. High-molecular-weight PLA can be used to produce fibres, flexible, non-wovens, hard and durable materials (100,000 Da or even higher).The chapter focuses on food packaging techniques, food industry waste, biopolymers, their classification, PLA synthesis, the importance of PLA properties for food packaging, and technologies used to process PLA in food packaging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study described the possibility of using chemically modified chitin with polypyrrole (PPy-g-Ch) as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution. The PPy-g-Ch was characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA and DSC techniques. The influence of various parameters such as pH, dosage, co-ions, contact time and concentration on the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions was investigated. Among the various isotherm models studied, the Freundlich isotherm model fitted well to the equilibrium data. The magnitude of ΔG(0), ΔH(0) and ΔS(0) indicated the feasibility, spontaneity and the endothermic nature of the adsorption process, respectively. The kinetic process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The applicability of the PPy-g-Ch has been tested for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from a real water sample spiked with Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, sodium alginate-polyaniline (SAP) nanofibers are evaluated as an adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) ion from aqueous solution by batch mode. The SAP nanofibers are characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDX and XRD techniques. The influences of various parameters such as pH, dosage, co-anions, contact time and concentration on Cr(VI) removal efficiency are investigated. The results of FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis reveals the removal of Cr(VI) ions by SAP nanofibers. Also, the existence of the electrostatic interaction between the Cr(VI) ions and SAP nanofibers is further proved by FTIR analysis. The equilibrium data obtained from the experiments are well fitted to the Freundlich isotherm than Langmuir isotherm. The values of Q°, k(F) and thermodynamic parameters reveal the endothermic nature of the Cr(VI) removal process. The Langmuir maximum sorption capacity of SAP nanofibers for Cr(VI) ion at 303 K is calculated to be 73.34 mg g(-1). The kinetic data are well expressed by pseudo-second-order model. Desorption and regeneration experiment shows that the SAP nanofibers can be reused for more than three successive cycles., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present work describes the synthesis, characterization of polyaniline coated chitin (PCC) and its application as an adsorbent of the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. The synthesized PCC was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET, TGA, and DSC. The batch adsorption system was used to optimize the various parameters for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution by PCC. The equilibrium data obtained at optimized conditions were well described by Freundlich isotherm model than the Langmuir isotherm model. The values of ΔG(0), ΔH(0) and ΔS(0) indicate the spontaneous and the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well to the kinetic data. The regeneration studies revealed that the Cr(VI) loaded PCC could be reused for three consecutive cycles., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present investigation, the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution using cross linked-chitosan-grafted-polyaniline composite (CCGP) was compared with that of chitosan-grafted-polyaniline (CGP) composite. The composites were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD, DSC, and TGA techniques. Batch equilibrium method was used for the optimization of various equilibrium parameters such as pH, contact time, dosage and initial Cr(VI) ion concentration. The removal efficiency by CCGP composite was found to be higher compared to CGP composite in all the studied conditions. The adsorption process was well described by Freundlich isotherm model for both the composites. The maximum adsorption capacity of CGP and CCGP composite for Cr(VI) ions was 165.6mg/g and 179.2mg/g at 303K. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption system were calculated and concluded that the nature of sorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The Cr(VI) adsorption kinetic process was well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the sorption process was being controlled by intraparticle diffusion pattern. Desorption and regeneration experiments of CGP and CCGP composites were performed and reused for more than two consecutive cycles., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)