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Hydroclimate variations over eastern China are affected by the Asian monsoon, exhibiting great variability and frequent extreme events occurrence. However, the driving mechanisms of their spatial and temporal variabilities are not fully understood due to the short period of available climate observation data. Here we used interpolated dry/wet grades dataset derived from Chinese historical documents and method of regional division to reconstruct a new annual hydroclimatic variation dataset dating back 1000 years, including nine regions of eastern China. This dataset reveals the spatial coverage and trend of long‐lasting extreme drought and flood events, and discloses the spatial patterns and similarities of interannual (2–7‐year) and interdecadal (15–35‐year) hydroclimate variations under the different temperature backgrounds of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), Little Ice Age (LIA) and Current Warm Period. Although no obvious drying or wetting trends were detected in the past 1000 years, the frequencies of extreme flood and drought events during the two warm periods of 960–1300 and 1901–2000 were higher than those during the cold period of 1301–1900. There are 17 long‐lasting and even severe than 1637–1641 large spatial scale extreme drought events during the past 1000 years. The observed spatial dipole pattern of flooding in the south and drought in the north, or the opposite pattern, was rare during the historical period. However, it was the second leading mode explaining the low variances in the principal component analysis for 2–7‐year hydroclimatic variations, which were not related to temperature change. Moreover, the stability of the teleconnection between the hydroclimate over eastern China and the climatic modes of Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation was further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]