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Background Castleman disease (CD) is a lymphoproliferative B-cell disease that is diagnosed from lymphoid hyperplasia with vascular proliferation. Symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Cutaneous manifestations often may go unnoticed since little has been described in the literature regarding them. Materials and methods A search of CD with cutaneous manifestations was performed in PUBMED, ProQuest, Ovid, Scopus, EMBASE, and Medline. All articles included patients over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of CD and cutaneous manifestations. Results A total of 68 articles were included. The most common cutaneous manifestations include paraneoplastic pemphigus and erythematous-brown plaques, papules, or nodules. Patients presenting with these manifestations should always have a thorough physical exam, and clinicians should try to identify any palpable lymph nodes. A complete workup to rule out other neoplasias needs to be performed as well. Conclusions A better understanding of these skin manifestations of CD may help physicians promptly diagnose and reconsider the path of diagnostic tests to identify this entity.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global crisis. However, cutaneous manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection have received little attention. Objective Our study was aimed to present clinical and cutaneous manifestations of children with SARS-CoV-2 and to provide the basis for early diagnosis. Methods We analyzed the clinical data of COVID-19 infected (CI) children worldwide from December 2019 to October 6, 2020, by using search terms ?COVID-19,? ?SARS-CoV-2,? ?Coronavirus? in combination with ?cutaneous,? ?lesion,? ?rash,? ?skin,? ?dermatology,? ?epidermis,? ?dermis,? ?multisystem inflammatory syndrome.? We collected and analyzed the general information, clinical symptoms, cutaneous manifestations, laboratory examination results, history of close contact with CI patients or suspected CI patients, and outcome in CI children. Results Among 90 CI children, there were 46 boys (59%) and 32 girls (41%). Erythema was the most frequent lesion, followed by conjunctivitis, and edematous lesions. Face was the most commonly affected location including lips, conjunctivae, tongue, eyes, and eyelids. Sixty-three (73.3%) patients had multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). As for clinical symptoms, 70 (81.4%) CI children suffered fever, and 34 (39.5%) patients had lung involvement. Meanwhile, 65.1% of patients had cardiac involvement, 4.7% of patients were asymptomatic, and 71.6% of patients received intravenous immunoglobulin, as well as 31.1% of CI children received systemic corticosteroids. Three children were dead. The most frequent route of infection was familial clustering. As silent virus carriers of CI children, it is important to find out the clinical and cutaneous manifestations in CI children to prevent and control COVID-19 transmission.

Background COVID-19 cutaneous manifestations have been recently described and classified in five different clinical patterns, including acral erythema-edema (pseudo-chilblain), maculopapular exanthemas, vesicular eruptions, urticarial lesions, and livedo or necrosis. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the skin of hospitalized patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 disease and describe the real prevalence of skin manifestations. Methods A cross-sectional study, which included hospitalized patients in Cruces University Hospital from April 14-30, 2020, with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 (with polymerase chain reaction and/or serology tests), was conducted. Entire body surface examination was performed by experienced dermatologists to search for cutaneous manifestations related to COVID-19 disease. Results From a sample of 75 patients, 14 (18.7%) developed cutaneous manifestations possibly related to COVID-19. We found six patients with acral erythema-edema (pseudo-chilblain) (42.8%), four patients with maculopapular exanthemas (28.6%), two patients with urticarial lesions (14.3%), one patient with livedo reticularis-like lesions (7.15%), and one patient with vesicular eruption (7.15%). Conclusions Our study provides a more plausible relationship between the main cutaneous patterns and COVID-19 in hospitalized patients as all of them had a confirmatory laboratory test. Skin manifestations are frequent but mild with spontaneous resolution. These findings are nonspecific and can be similar to other viral infections and adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients.

Nutritional deficiency syndromes, such as scurvy, pellagra, and beriberi are of historical significance but have largely disappeared from modern society. However, certain populations of children in modern society are at risk of severe nutritional complications. The rarity of these syndromes and lack of understanding about modern-day risk factors for nutritional deficiency often delays diagnosis. Dermatologists must maintain an appropriate index of suspicion for these characteristic syndromes as many of the deficiency states present with cutaneous manifestations. Here we review the cutaneous manifestations of macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency syndromes as well as those populations of children that remain at risk for developing severe disease.

Background Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been recognized as an extremely potent irritant and sensitizer found in sachets inside furniture. The first skin manifestations were correlated to contact with sofas, chairs, and other furniture. In these last years, some papers have reported a development of allergic contact dermatitis on the foot caused by DMF present in high concentration in shoes made in China. Methods We report the case of a 37-year-old woman who presented with severe eczema on the foot shortly after having bought a new pair of shoes. The diagnosis was performed by patch tests with DMF in several dilutions, with pieces of internal and external parts of the shoes, and by chemical analysis of the shoes. Results In the last three years, goods containing DMF increased diffusely despite the augmentation on global preventive measures by Europe. Conclusions Therefore, new cases of contact dermatitis could be dependent on DMF, and it is of note that this allergen is not included in most series for patch testing.

Background Arsenic contamination in groundwater affects 35 million people in Bangladesh, but the prevalence of arsenic contamination in local communities remains to be clarified. As skin manifestations are sensitive markers of arsenicosis, we examined the skin of adults and adolescents in two villages to elucidate the severity of arsenicosis. Methods Five hundred and sixty-one villagers were randomly selected for the evaluation of their skin. Three indicators, i.e. keratosis on the soles, keratosis on the palms, and melanosis and hypopigmentation on the trunk, were quantified for analysis. Results More than 50% of the villagers showed some skin manifestations due to arsenicosis. Keratosis on the soles was the most sensitive marker for the detection of arsenicosis at an early stage. Interestingly, the skin manifestations were more severe in males than in females. There was no correlation between the age and the severity of skin manifestations. Conclusions The prevalence of arsenicosis was quite high and males were more vulnerable to arsenic contamination. Using skin manifestations, especially keratosis on the soles, as useful markers to detect and evaluate arsenicosis, it is clear that there is an urgent need to assess the exact prevalence and severity of arsenicosis in the population of Bangladesh in order to take measures to treat and control this problem.

Background and objective Skin diseases are among the leading causes of hospital visits in Ethiopia. An analysis was performed to describe the pattern of skin diseases at a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients and methods All consecutive new patients seen at the dermatologic referral clinic of Black Lion Teaching Hospital (BLH) from June 1995 to July 1997 were included in this prospective analysis. The clinical examinations were performed by the author, so that uniformity of diagnosis and classification is assured. Results A total of 1505 patients were assessed; 1093 (72.6%) were in the age group 21–40 years, and the female to male ratio was 1.2 to 1. The most common skin diseases were allergic skin diseases (25.5%), infections (25.4%), the photodermatoses (22.9%), followed by papulosquamous diseases (11.4%) and pruritis of unknown origin (3.3%). Skin manifestations of collagen diseases were less common findings (0.7%). Conclusions The pattern of skin diseases observed in this analysis shows that allergic and infectious causes account for three-quarters of skin problems. Emphasis should be given to this group of common skin diseases at all levels of health care so that proper diagnosis, treatment, and referral can be practiced.

Rotavirus infection is one the most frequent cause of diarrhea among infants and children. Although it is not associated to specific dermatologic clinical pictures, recently, different clinical manifestations have been reported in association with this infection. They include exanthema, Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, and Acute Infantile Hemorrhagic Edema. The condition can be diagnosed microbiologically with stool cultures. The prognosis is excellent in healthy, immunocompetent individuals.

Background. During the Iraq-Iran war (1980–1988), a group of patients exposed to mustard gas (one of the chemical warfare agents used by Iraq) were referred to our dermatology department. This group included a subgroup of 14 children and teenagers. In this article, we attempted to review the skin manifestations of these patients. Methods. A group of patients, including 14 children and teenagers, exposed to mustard gas were studied. Laboratory tests including blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, urine analysis, etc., were determined. Results. Among the most frequent disorders were facial involvement (78%), which dominated the clinical picture, followed by genital (42%), trunkal, and axillar lesions (both 14%). Eosinophilia was the most prominent laboratory disorder seen in 12% of the patients. Skin lesions started 4–18 hours after exposure. Erythema developed within 20–30 hours after exposure, followed by blisters. Conclusions. The time of onset of manifestations had been shorter and severity of the lesions higher in children and teenagers compared with adults. Both phenomena could be attributed to the more delicate skin of the young patients. Genital manifestations were less frequent in this subgroup while ophthalmic, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal lesions were more frequently encountered in children than in adults. The unfortunate consequences of exposure to such chemicals reminds once again the urgency of international treaties to effectively ban the use of chemical weapons.

The authors describe ten cases of cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC). All of these cases were sporadic. The incidence of associated anomalies was relatively low, and three patients had skin manifestations (cutaneous atrophy and nevus telangiectaticus). In two patients, the right leg was shorter and thinner. Another two showed neurologic symptoms without lasting neurologic damage. New associated anomalies, such as tendinitis stenosans and bowing of the lower legs, did not provide additional information regarding the cause of CMTC. The authors suggest that Happle's lethal gene hypothesis for Klippel-Trenaunay and Sturge-Weber syndromes also could be applied to CMTC.

Background Ayurvedic medicines are known to contain arsenic and concentrations up to toxic levels have been reported in certain formulations. However, clinical disease due to arsenic containing ayurvedic medicines has rarely been reported. We seek to highlight the existence of toxic levels of arsenic in certain ayurvedic preparations that can produce serious systemic manifestations. Methods An 11-year-old girl developed manifestations of arsenical keratosis (punctuate palmoplantar keratoderma and leucomelanoderma) and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension, 6 months and 18 months respectively after intake of ayurvedic medications, prescribed for epilepsy. The eight ayurvedic preparations consumed by the patient and her serum levels were analyzed for arsenic content. Results Arsenic content of ayurvedic medicines ranged from 5 mg/L to 248 mg/L. The serum arsenic level was 202.20 µg/L (normal

Background. Childhood leukemia and lymphoma are common problems in Tropical Africa, including Kenya. Studies done in Western populations indicate that 25–50% of patients with leukemia and lymphoma have specific or nonspecific cutaneous signs. In dark-skinned patients, reports of such mucocutaneous manifestations are scarce. The lesions in these patients may easily be missed, if not specifically looked for. Method. Eighty-six indigenous Kenyan children with a confirmed diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma were specifically examined for any mucocutaneous manifestations at presentation, during their treatment, and during subsequent follow-up. Whenever possible, an attempt was made to determine the causes of these lesions. All patients were given standard therapy for the primary hematologic disorder. Results. Two-thirds of the patients had mucocutaneous symptomatology at presentation: 17.4% had skin infiltration by the malignant cells. During therapy an even larger number developed nonspecific skin manifestations. Most of these were the result of myelosuppression, immunosuppression, or direct cytotoxic effects on tissues. Conclusions. Mucocutaneous manifestations in black children with leukemia and lymphoma are very common.

Sarcoidosis is quite common in American and West Indian blacks. In America, the incidence in blacks could be up to 10 times higher than in whites. Sarcoidosis is generally believed to be rarer in African blacks and especially along the West African coast from which the American blacks trace their ancestry. The difference in incidence may be due to environmental influences, poor reporting system from inadequate local awareness of the presentation, confusion with tuberculosis, and lack of the Kveim antigen. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is most commonly made from the pulmonary and skin manifestations. Since the skin manifestation presents readily for observation without the need for costly devices like x-ray machines, the present study focused on and analyzed the seven cases seen in the skin clinic within a period of 2 years (an incidence of 0.85%), showing that the commonest presentation was as scar-sarcoid on longstanding tribal marks. Tribal scarification is common in West Africa, and one should investigate any change in a longstanding scar. This heightened awareness in areas where scarification is or was practiced could end the belief of the rarity of sarcoidosis in the West African subregion.

The glucagonoma syndrome is another of those systemic disorders in which skin manifestations provide a clue to the diagnosis. The patient will most often be a middle-aged woman who has the characteristic, indolent skin lesions in the face of diabetes mellitus and additional features to suggest an occult carcinoma. Marked elevation of the levels of plasma glucagon should confirm the suspicion cure of the skin lesions follows cure of the tumor. Two lines of speculation seem promising. Either the initial event is an overproduction of glucagon and all other observations follow. Or the syndrome is another of the polyendocrine disorders. Cases are still too few to resolve either the pathophysiology, prognosis, or even to guess at the true frequency of the syndrome.

The skin manifestations of dermatomyositis infrequently occur without the myositis. A 24-year-old woman presented with concordance of the skin and muscle components of dermatomyositis, followed by a remission of the myositis with a persistence of significant rash for 17 years, finally presenting with a flare of both skin and muscle components together. Clinicians should be alert to the recurrence of an underlying myositis at any time.

We have observed a peculiar skin manifestation that resembles cutis marmorata in three patients with AIDS and may be included among the several clinical aspects of AIDS in pediatric patients. One of the three patients died 4 month; after the diagnosis. In an another patient, the skin lesion is still present 2 years after appearance.