1. Comparing police use of drug detection dogs amongst injecting and non-injecting groups of people who regularly use drugs in Australia.
- Author
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Gibbs, Daisy, King, Cate, Hughes, Caitlin, Peacock, Amy, Grigg, Jodie, Yuen, Wing See, and Sutherland, Rachel
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SUBSTANCE abuse prevention , *DRUG laws , *STATISTICS , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *INTRAVENOUS drug abuse , *REGRESSION analysis , *DRUG use testing , *HARM reduction , *LEGAL status of drug abusers , *PUNISHMENT , *PUBLIC spaces , *ODDS ratio , *ECSTASY (Drug) , *DRUGS of abuse , *DRUG utilization , *DOGS , *POLICE , *CRIMINAL justice system - Abstract
• Despite extant research focusing on music festivals as a site of encounters with police drug detection dogs, people who use drugs report encounters in a range of other settings. • People who regularly use MDMA/ecstasy are significantly more likely than those who regularly inject drugs to report an encounter with drug dogs. • Despite this, people who regularly inject drugs are significantly more likely to report an encounter which involves being stopped and/or searched, or which results in criminal justice consequences including receiving a fine, being arrested, or having their drugs confiscated. • We recommend that the use of drug dogs be removed from all community settings, including music festivals, public transportation hubs and other public spaces. Drug detection dogs are utilised across multiple settings, however existing literature focuses predominantly on festival-based encounters. We compare drug dog encounters in non-festival settings among two samples of people who regularly use drugs, and investigate factors associated with witness only versus stop and/or search encounters. Australians who regularly (i.e., ≥monthly) use ecstasy and/or other illegal stimulants (n = 777; Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS)) or inject illegal drugs (n = 862; Illicit Drugs Reporting System (IDRS)) were surveyed between April-June, 2019. Univariable regression analyses were used to test for differences in drug dog encounters between samples, and to identify factors associated with a more intensive drug dog encounter (namely those that involved a stop and/or search). People who inject drugs were less likely to witness drug dogs than those who regularly use ecstasy and/or other illegal stimulants (odds ratio (OR) 0.46; 95 % CI 0.30–0.69). They were significantly more likely than EDRS participants to report being stopped and searched (3.29; 1.68–6.44) however. Among those carrying drugs at their last stop and/or search encounter, the majority of both samples reported that their drugs were not detected by police. IDRS participants aged 35–49 were more likely to report a stop and/or search encounter than those aged 17–34; no significant associations were found among the EDRS sample. Despite participants who use ecstasy and/other stimulants being more likely than those who regularly inject drugs to report encountering drug dogs in non-festival settings, participants who inject drugs were more likely to report an intensive or invasive drug dog encounter and/or receiving a formal criminal justice consequence. This study reinforces questions about the efficacy and appropriateness of drug dog operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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