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Due to the large-scale integration of renewable energy and inevitable disturbing events (including natural disasters and deliberate attacks), the invulnerability of power grids is facing a great challenge, thus the security criterion is demanded to upgrade from N − 1 to N − k. However, with the increasing of k and the expanding of network scale, resource consumption of network expansion shows an exponential explosion. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the invulnerability of power grids from a new perspective. In this paper, the definition of nodal N − k security criterion is proposed, which divides buses into different security levels based on realistic demand, and decouples the security analysis from the system level to individual nodes. A two-stage robust optimization model is established, cooperating with the nodal N − k security criterion, the load demand of critical buses could be guaranteed. Moreover, the proposed discrepant upgrade scheme is flexible and has strong generalization performance, where enhanced buses and security levels can be selected independently based on the preferences of decision-makers. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposal have been demonstrated in 5 cases, i.e., the IEEE 9-bus, 24-bus, 57-bus, 118-bus systems and an actual test system in India. • The definition of nodal N − k security criterion is proposed. • A defender–attacker–defender (DAD) model cooperating with the criterion is established. • A gradual and progressive enhancement framework is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Indian electricity demand reduced by 11 % vis-à-vis 2019 during the lockdown. • Sectoral demand reduction—73 % industrial, remaining 27 % commercial. • Pan India lights-off event—hydropower provides the bulk of the flexibility (60 %). • The plant load factor of coal dropped to a record low of 35 % during phase-1. • Power sector emissions reduced by 16 % (86 MtCO2) compared to 2019. This paper aims to understand the responsiveness of the power sector during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic beginning from March 25, 2020 and analyses its impact on the demand, operation and supply of electricity in the Indian power system. The role of the C&I load share in reducing the electricity demand of the different states in India has been examined using multi-sectoral regression analysis. The impact of the pan India lights-off event on the short-term operational flexibility response of the power system has also been analysed using high-temporal resolution data. The results indicate that there has been a reduction of nearly 70 TWh of electricity demand during the lockdown period, an 11 % reduction compared to 2019. The top three states recording the highest reduction were Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu at 11 TWh, 10.6 TWh and 8.4 TWh, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that out of the total drop in load demand — 73 % is owed to the industrial sector, while the remaining 27 % is to the commercial sector. This demand drop also impacted the upstream electricity supply mix where 96 % of the reduction in supply was borne by the coal generating units, recording its lowest national plant load factor at 35 % with a 16 % reduction in overall CO 2 emission compared to the same period in 2019. In conclusion, a case study of Maharashtra has been used to analyse the impact of this reduction in electricity demand on the supply mix, hourly load profile and cost of supply under the different lockdown phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Commendable of planning, coordination, execution, and resilience of power sector. • Grid security analysis in the pandemic. • The status of COVID-19, statistics of global electricity demand. • Analysis of main policies implemented by countries. Technology is advancing progressively at a very sharp rate in every phase of the commercial and economic issues, where energy plays a vital role in hi-tech enrichment. After continuous and multi directive research, human is efficient enough to put their steps on the peak of all imaginable pitches. But a human cannot fight against the environment in all instances. COVID-19, or Corona Virus, is such a type of environmental pandemic. Due to a large spread rate of COVID-19, the human society of the entire Globe is getting affected within a very small period. During its first and second wave, it collapses maximum countries health, economic structures along with the electrical sector. Many countries have enforced the 'lockdown' to their citizen for minimizing the community spread rate, which directly affects the energy sector. Standing in this scenario, this study focuses on the significant effect of COVID-19 on the energy sector of the Globe, especially in India. This paper also demonstrates that how several countries are trying to secure their power sector in this pandemic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]