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Examines the multiplication scheme based on variable bitshift for negative binary numbers. Use of the negative binary adder-subtracter; Description of algorithms for basic arithmetic operations in a general negative base; Illustration of the algorithm for the multiplication of two numbers.

A direct covariance algorithm is presented for handling problems of component tolerance analysis and random input variations with a particular emphasis for utilization in computer-aided statistical electronic circuit design. It is shown that this result is applicable to a wide range of electronic circuit arrays having non-linear components. Moreover, a systematic procedure is developed for predicting in advance the expected accuracy.
Numerical results comparing the direct covariance algorithm with up to 1000 Monte Carlo ensemble-averaged computer runs are provided. Contrary to popular belief, errors of 10 to 25% are obtained by using 25 to 100 Monte Carlo runs. Improvements in both accuracy and computational speed clearly demonstrate that the direct covariance algorithm is a versatile and effective computer-aided design tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]