1. Membrane Distillation for the Production of Pharmaceutical-Grade Water—Investigation into the Application of AGMD and VMD
- Author
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Thomas Klein, F. Rögener, Hans-Jürgen Rapp, and Cornelius Nellessen
- Subjects
020209 energy ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,membrane distillation ,02 engineering and technology ,Alternative process ,Membrane distillation ,Article ,Water Purification ,law.invention ,020401 chemical engineering ,Tap water ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Wasser ,0204 chemical engineering ,European union ,Reverse osmosis ,Process engineering ,Distillation ,media_common ,VMD ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Water ,Membranes, Artificial ,pure water ,pharmaceutical-grade water ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,Scientific method ,AGMD ,Medicine ,Environmental science ,ddc:500 ,Water quality ,business - Abstract
The production of pharmaceutical ingredients, intermediates and final products strongly depends on the utilization of water. Water is also required for the purification and preparation of reagents. Each specific application determines the respective water quality. In the European Union, the European Pharmacopeia (Ph. Eur.) contains the official standards that assure quality control of pharmaceutical products during their life cycle. According to this, the production of water for pharmaceutical use is mainly based on multi-stage distillation and membrane processes, especially, reverse osmosis. Membrane distillation (MD) could be an alternative process to these classical methods. It offers advantages in terms of energy demand and a compact apparatus design. In the following study, the preparation of pharmaceutical-grade water from tap water in a one-step process using MD is presented. Special emphasis is placed on the performance of two different module designs and on the selection of optimum process parameters.
- Published
- 2021
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