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In order to make Mars a better planet, in this paper, photo-dissociation technology, mathematical modeling, and a series of chemical reaction methodology have been proposed to create a vibrant ecosystem and balance the atmosphere on Mars. Since CO is a stable compound, breaking it down into C and O always is challenging, but exciting thought. Interestingly, my recent research revealed that photo-dissociation by utilizing UVV (laser) could be an exciting technology to split CO into C + O since the theoretical reaction suggested that the production of C + O channel from CO photo-exciting technology releases the energetic level threshold of C(P) + O(X∑) that can be detected by ultraviolet laser pump-probe spectroscopy. Subsequently, a mathematical model for creating of ocean on Mars by breaking its substantial polar ice has been performed considering algorithms for surface and coordinate between the barotropic momentum and continuity equations, and interestingly the calculation suggested that it is very much possible to flow ocean on Mars surface to meet its water demand. Subsequently, proposed series of chemical reaction technology suggested that implementation of carbonator looping and plasma reaction paths can convert photo- dissociated carbon (C) into N and NH to enrich Mars' soil in order to grow vegetation as well as to create a balance ecosystem in Mars eventually. Finally, sustainable green technology has been proposed for the development of Mars to be a complete balanced planet to deliver all basic and modern needs to run daily life smoothly. Thus, implication of chemical reaction technologies along with sustainable development plans can indeed make the Mars a vibrant environment to live there in clean and green. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burning of fuels from the transport sector is one of the main sources of air pollutants emission in urban areas. In order to implement public policies concerning air quality and public health, there is a need to develop emission inventories. Measurements inside traffic tunnels can provide an evaluation of emission factors of vehicles in-use in real conditions. In this paper, we show measurements of air pollutants for a mixed vehicle fleet, heavy- and light-duty vehicles (HDVs and LDVs), in two tunnels in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo in 2011 in order to calculate the pollutant emission factors (EFs). Measurements of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO) and particle matter (PM) were taken. High concentrations related to high-density traffic, especially during weekdays. EFs were heavily influenced by the pollutant species loads, so the total vehicle traffic and the fraction of HDV. The EF values for HDV were 3.6 and 9.2 g km, for CO and NO, respectively (5.8 and 0.3 g km for LDV). To determine EF estimates, parameters such as velocity of the air, cross-sectional area and length of the tunnel and vehicles passing at 1-h time interval were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the effects of adsorption of toxic carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) molecules on heterogeneous CZnO nanocage. A detailed analysis of the energetic, geometry, and electronic structure of various CO and NO adsorptions on the cluster surface was performed. It has been shown that CO molecule was adsorbed on the surface of the cluster resulting in more stable complex system, while NO molecule adsorption led to less stable system. These processes also changed the electronic properties of the cluster by reducing the HOMO/LUMO energy gap after adsorption process. Since this phenomenon led to an increment in the electrical conductivity of the cluster at a definite temperature, the CZnO was transformed to a stronger semiconductor substance upon the CO and NO adsorption. We believe that this research may be helpful in the several fields study such as sensor and catalyst investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study attempts to design and develop a novel carbon-based material fabrication method that implements high voltage AC arc discharge. The carbon-based material is to be used in an electric circuit to build up a gas sensing mechanism. After applying a high AC voltage to the graphite electrodes employed in the experiment, an arc ignites between the electrodes as the gas between them is iodized. In the carbon decomposition process, the arc is employed and results in the fabricated carbon strands. Thereafter, carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmospheric pressure is passed over the electrodes in the Pyrex glass tube chamber where the carbon strand fabrication process takes place. An increment appears in the measured current voltage ( I- V) between the two sides of the carbon strand as the carrier concentration of CO gas is increased from 200 to 800 ppm. Support vector regression (SVR) algorithm was used for data processing with statistical analysis for errors and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental-analytical investigation on the emissive behavior of two high-performance motorcycles belonging to the most recent European legislative category was being performed by the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Naples Federico II. The study was focused on these vehicles because the pertinent information was not very exhaustive in the scientific literature, with particular reference to the assessment of cold-start extra emissions of this particular two-wheeler vehicular class (Euro-3 legislative category and displacement >750 cm), that is playing a rising central role in private mobility, also in urban context. From this motivation, in this study a calculation procedure was designed and optimized to model the cold-start transient behavior of motorcycles; through this methodology, it is possible to evaluate the cold transient duration, the emitted quantities during the cold phase and the relevant time-dependence function. The whole procedure was applied on the carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon exhaust cold extra emissions of the selected motorcycles, which were measured on the chassis dynamometer. Experimental tests were performed in cold and hot operating conditions, during both driving cycle regulated by law and real-world driving cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residues under different water regimes can cause significant alterations in soil organic carbon fractions, and in turn, soil-atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) emissions. To evaluate the effect of rice straw application on CO emissions and labile organic carbon fractions under different water regimes, an incubation experiment was conducted for 90 days. Ten treatments were developed from the interaction between five water levels (100, 85, 70, 55, and 40 % of water-holding capacity (WHC)) with and without incorporation of rice straw. Peaks of CO fluxes were observed after 13 days of rice straw incorporation, which decreased gradually till the end of the incubation period. The incorporation of rice straw caused significant increases in CO fluxes by 2.77-2.83 times from the paddy soil. In the presence of rice straw, the highest CO fluxes were generally observed at W3 (70 % of WHC), whereas the lowest fluxes were occurred at W1 (100 % of WHC). Addition of rice straw under a range of water regimes markedly improved the transformation of soil organic carbon and labile organic carbon pools such as dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and permanganate oxidizable carbon. The significant correlations between all labile soil organic carbon fractions and CO concentrations confirmed their important roles in the emission of CO from the paddy soil. In summary, the results suggest that light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and permanganate oxidizable carbon were more sensitive indicators for CO emissions and organic matter alterations as compared to other carbon fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]