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Background The carcinogenicity of air pollution and its impact on the risk of lung cancer is well known; however, there are still knowledge gaps and mixed results for other sites of cancer. Methods The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between ambient air pollution [fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)] and cancer incidence. Exposure assessment was based on historical addresses of >900 000 participants. Cancer incidence included primary cancer cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2015 (n  = 30 979). Cox regression was used to evaluate the associations between ambient air pollution and cancer incidence [hazard ratio (HR), 95% CI]. Results In the single-pollutant models, an increase of one interquartile range (IQR) (2.11 µg/m3) o f PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of all cancer sites (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.47–1.54), lung cancer (HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.60–1.87), bladder cancer (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.37–1.65), breast cancer (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.42–1.58) and prostate cancer (HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.31–1.52). In the single-pollutant and the co-pollutant models, the estimates for PM2.5 were stronger compared with NOx for all the investigated cancer sites. Conclusions Our findings confirm the carcinogenicity of ambient air pollution on lung cancer and provide additional evidence for bladder, breast and prostate cancers. Further studies are needed to confirm our observation regarding prostate cancer. However, the need for more research should not be a barrier to implementing policies to limit the population's exposure to air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural environments may have beneficial impacts on pregnancy outcomes. However, longitudinal evidence is limited and the associations with variance in surrounding greenness is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate these associations among 73 221 live births in Tel Aviv, Israel.Methods: Longitudinal exposure to mean of greenness during pregnancy and trimesters were calculated using satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. In addition, exposure to mean and variation of NDVI from high-resolution satellite and percentage of tree cover [Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF)] at 300-m buffer were evaluated in a cross-sectional approach. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the crude and adjusted associations. We explore the possible mediating role of ambient exposures and distance to 'outdoor gyms' located in parks.Results: Crude beneficial associations between exposure to higher mean NDVI during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes were observed [for birthweight, 3rd/1st tertile exposure increased the mean by 25.5 g, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 15.4, 35.5] and decreased the odds of low birthweight, small for gestational age, preterm deliveries (PTD) and very PTD. Adjustment for individual and neighbourhood-level markers of socio-economic status (SES) attenuated all the associations. Strongest associations were observed during the first and second trimesters. Cross-sectional associations for mean greenness were similar with narrower CIs, and associations with NDVI were stronger than with tree cover and stronger for mean compared with variance of greenness. Associations were consistent for term births, different buffer sizes and for further adjustment to maternal education. Stronger associations were observed for lowest SES. Distance to 'outdoor gyms' and variance of greenness had the largest estimates of mediation.Conclusion: This study adds to the limited information on when exposure to greenness is most beneficial, on the association with variance of greenness and the possible pathways. These observations require confirmation in other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]