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Understanding the relation between large-scale and small-scale functionality is an acute problem in large systems. This paper presents possible structures that capture those relations. Here “structure” means a functor on a category, in this case the category of “combinatorial systems” that model manufacturing systems and supply networks. The details of the dynamics of these systems are frequently the domain of specialists and are ill understood outside such areas. Clustering activities in subsystems introduces covers as scales of analysis. This allows the development of sheaves of schedules and their properties which are analyzed by an adaptation of Čech cohomology. These are applied in supply networks to characterize the fragmentation of these networks and to characterize the conditions for local changes in schedules to extend to the whole system. The intent of this paper is to see sheaves and their cohomology as analytical probes that can enhance our understanding of large-scale systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]