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This paper examines the potential of solar and hydrogen (H 2) energy-based hybrid energy systems for residential applications. The growing need for energy and the demand for sustainable energy sources have led to the development of integrated energy systems that combine renewable energy resources to meet energy needs. This paper overviews recent studies on hybrid energy systems for on-grid and off-grid residential utilizations. It discusses the system configuration and components of hybrid energy systems, including solar panels, electrolyzers, fuel cells (FC), and batteries. It also covers the technical optimization of integrated energy systems, including sizing, control strategies, and economic analysis. The key findings of this review paper indicate that hybrid energy systems can offer dependable and sustainable energy for residential applications. Through numerical analyses, the optimal dimensioning of the system elements and control strategies can significantly enhance the system's performance and lower the cost of energy. This study also highlights the challenges and opportunities for integrating hybrid energy systems within residential applications. Overall, it provides in-depth perspectives on the possibilities inherent in solar and hydrogen energy-based hybrid energy systems for residential applications. The findings can guide future research and the advancement of hybrid energy systems for sustainable energy solutions. • Comprehensive review on solar and hydrogen-based residential applications. • Holistic approach to system configuration, optimization, and economics. • Detailed analysis of interconnected components enhancing system efficiency. • Unique focus on real-world residential applications and scenarios. • Broad applicability across diverse geographical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle the carbon emission problem, the exploitation of renewable energy resources (RESs) with zero emissions has gained much importance. In this context, hydrogen has become an important resource to involve itself in distributed energy resources (DERs) to generate electricity, energize vehicles, and heat our living areas. The utilization of hydrogen technologies is indispensable due to their procurement, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency for DERs. A challenging area in the field of hydrogen energy technologies is extracting efficient power and integration to DERs. This paper investigates how to model and operate a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack in a DER application to establish a living lab facility for educational and research purposes by covering Power-to-X (P2X). The PEMFC model of the studied system is designed in a MATLAB/Simulink environment and implemented in an experimental testbed. Thus, a fuel cell (FC) unit as a complementary source is preferred to be used near a photovoltaic (PV) array, a small-scale wind turbine (WT), and a lead acid battery energy storage system (BESS) by creating a P2X concept to form a living lab platform. Beyond the model, regarding the experimental part, a PV array, a WT, and a BESS are combined with a PEMFC module that is rated output of 1200 W. Expect for all systems, the FC part is emphasized in this study. Also, a dynamic model of the mentioned PEMFC is proposed and verified. • Importance of hydrogen energy is focused on its advantages, future role, potential, and challenges. • FC unit as a complementary source is evaluated by creating a P2X concept. • This platform is designed to meet the energy needs of research-education, diversify the supply, increase energy independence. • Energy procurement is supplied via green energy during a lesson, which is noteworthy and instructive. • Feasibility of combined PV/WT/BESS/PEMFC system is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary global discourse on environmental and developmental issues, the dual challenges of sustainable green energy and water supply stand paramount. These elements are vitally intertwined with the socio-economic vitality of the world. Notably, regions plagued by freshwater scarcity are increasingly turning to desalination which consists of a reliable and unconventional water source. The intersection of renewable energy with desalination and water purification processes presents a compelling synergy. This approach is particularly pertinent in areas where freshwater shortages coexist with abundant solar energy availability. Additionally, these technologies boast the advantage of low operational and maintenance costs. This paper delves into the design, optimization and financial analysis of a novel, standalone hybrid energy system, integrating photovoltaic and fuel cell technologies, for an agriculture farm situated in Kairouan, Tunisia. Unlike conventional systems, this model foregoes battery storage in favour of hydrogen storage, generated through water electrolysis powered by solar energy. This system harnesses solar energy for direct electrical power generation and hydrogen gas production. A segment of the generated electricity is allocated to electrolysis for green hydrogen production. In times of solar unavailability, the stored hydrogen is reconverted to electricity via a fuel cell. An intriguing aspect of this system is the utilization of saline well water, which, due to its high salt content, necessitates purification through desalination to prevent damage to the electrolysis unit and to render it suitable for agricultural irrigation. [Display omitted] • The production of green hydrogen, water and electricity for agriculture farm in Tunisia is analyzed. • The Levelized cost of green hydrogen produced in the PV farm is 2.25 €/kg. • A PV hydrogen Farm station with a capacity of 140 kW produces 1991 kg of green hydrogen and 235 MW h of electricity yearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dedicated grid-tied offshore hybrid energy system for hydrogen production is a promising solution to unlock the full benefit of offshore wind and solar energy and realize decarbonization and sustainable energy security targets in electricity and other sectors. Current knowledge of these offshore hybrid systems is limited, particularly in the integration, component control, and allocation aspects. Therefore, a grid-integrated analytical model with a power dispatch allocation strategy between the grid and electrolyzer for the co-production of hydrogen from the offshore hybrid energy system is developed in this paper. While producing hydrogen, the proposed offshore hybrid energy system supplies a percentage of its capacity to the onshore grid facility, and the amount of the electricity is quantified based on the electricity market price and available total offshore generation. The detailed controls of each component are discussed. A case study considers a hypothetical hybrid offshore energy system of 10 MW situated in a potential offshore off the NSW of Australia based on realistic metrological data. A grid-scale proton-exchange membrane electrolyzer stack is used and a model predictive power controller is implemented on the distributed hydrogen generation scheme. The model is helpful for the assessment or optimization of both the economics and feasibility of the dedicated offshore hybrid energy farm for hydrogen production systems. • Modeling of a grid-integrated analytical model of an OHES for hydrogen co-production. • Development of a power dispatch allocation strategy for the proposed OHES. • Development of detailed controls of each component used in the proposed OHES. • Demonstrations of a case study considering 10 MW OHES situated in offshore off the NSW of Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing transition from fossil fuel-based electricity generation toward green energy relying on the intermittent renewable energy sources indispensably requires development of novel energy conversion and storage methods. Depending on a particular location and local resources, pumped storage, lithium- or sodium-ion batteries, compressed air energy storage, as well as the so called power-to-gas (P2G) technologies may be applied. Taking into account the abundant solar energy resources available in the northwestern China, such as Ningxia hui autonomous region, and local water resources coming from the Yellow River, a power-to-hydrogen (P2H2) distributed energy conversion system is proposed in this paper, which is based on a high-efficiency reversible Solid Oxide Cell (rSOC). The conducted studies comprise tests with simulated current based on the actual photovoltaic power station data, and with usage of the as-obtained Yellow River water for the electrolysis mode without any pretreatment. It is documented that the reversible operation is beneficial, and the tested cell can operate for a prolonged time. Of importance, Na, Ca, Mg, and Si elements remain in an evaporator, and do not contaminate the cell, while higher than the initial boron concentration can be found in the condensed exhaust gases. The respective operational parameters of the system correspond to an electrolysis current density loading up 433.3 mA cm−2 for 4 h, as well as fuel cell operation mode with a current density of 8.3 mA cm−2 for 12 h. It is found that the average voltage losses in the electrolysis cell and fuel cell mode are 0.27 %/cycle and 0.886 %/cycle, respectively, indicating that the lifetime of the cells can be more than 800 h. The reported studies demonstrate validity of applying rSOC-based P2H2 system, especially if abundant photovoltaic power and water resources are available. [Display omitted] • The Yellow River water was utilized by rSOC for the first time. • The designed test current was modeled with local photovoltaics. • The P2H2 nearby consumption system can reversibly operate for over 800 h. • The degradation rates in SOFC mode are lower than those in SOEC mode. • The Yellow River water has no significant effect on the degradation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy issue is undergoing transformation owing to various factors, such as climate change and geopolitics. In the long term, the primary pathways to achieve sustainable energy development remain the clean energy and global cooperation. As the largest energy consumption centers, the Asia Pacific and North America possess complementary energy profiles and developmental needs for cooperation. This paper analyses various electricity or hydrogen transmission technologies suitable for the Pacific Rim energy system. The liquid hydrogen superconducting energy pipelines possess the potential to fulfill the demands of long-distance and large-scale energy transmission. Building upon this technology, a super energy pipeline project connecting East Asia and North America across 12 time zones was proposed. It is composed of pipelines and relay energy stations, which can realize large-scale storage and transportation of renewable energy as well as the diversified energy supply at terminals. The techno-economic evaluation of the project has been comprehensively conducted, and the investment can be recovered within 10 years. The project is expected to boost the progress of renewable energy, ensure regional energy security and promote the sustainable development of global energy. [Display omitted] • Proposes cross-continental energy transmission scheme for Pacific Rim. • Highlights the potential of liquid hydrogen superconducting energy pipelines. • Identifies the future requirements for the energy storage and transmission. • Presents a review of the existing global energy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of hydrogen refuelling stations worldwide has increased to over 700 due to the rapid development of green hydrogen energy. The risk assessment of hydrogen refuelling stations is indispensable to prevent accidents, and its foundation is accident scenarios screening. Although the integrated energy supply station containing fuels such as hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol eliminates the need for building hydrogen refuelling stations separately, the risk assessment for these complex systems has not been comprehensively studied. This paper proposes a scenario screening approach for identifying potential hazards in multi-fuel integrated energy supply stations. The risk of the processing unit was evaluated, and the leakage scenarios were pre-screened to identify credible leakage scenarios that adhere to the principle of maximum credibility by considering the frequency of occurrence and severity of consequences in two parts. Based upon acquired credible leakage scenarios, secondary screening of possible accident consequences was conducted by calculating the value of the credible factor to obtain the final maximum credible accident scenarios (MAS). Credible factors are derived from the accident probability, consequence severity, population density and asset density. By comparing the values of the credible factors, the accident scenarios with a low probability or low severity were eliminated, and the accident scenarios with the highest credible factors of each unit were retained as the MAS that require further consequence simulation analysis. The results offer a crucial foundation for the consequences and risk assessment of integrated energy supply stations. • Potential consequences of accidents caused by hydrogen and other fuel leaks. • Credible scenarios for fuel leaks are identified. • Maximum credible accident scenarios are determined. • Hydrogen compressor and associated piping are most susceptible to jet fires and explosions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a type of clean secondary energy, and the hydrogen energy supply is vital to regional energy development. Guangdong is at the forefront of hydrogen energy deployment in China, and aims to achieve peak carbon by 2030. However, hydrogen production research is challenging due to complex technical routes, technical maturity levels, life-cycle carbon emissions, and costs. Multi-time-scale research is necessary to explore optimal production paths and their contributions to CO 2 emission reduction. This study discussed key technologies and the technical maturity of five hydrogen production routes: production from industrial byproducts and coal, wind, hydro-, and photovoltaic power. Policy scenarios were designed to investigate the potential of these routes and technology deployment intensity under medium- and long-term scenarios. This paper proposes a roadmap for hydrogen development and provides a reference for hydrogen production planning in Guangdong. This methodology can be applied in other regions for hydrogen energy development research. • Key technology maturity of the hydrogen production routes was evaluated. • Roadmap of hydrogen production in Guangdong Province was designed. • A method for research of hydrogen supply scenarios was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]