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Promoting green hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal discourse in the contemporary energy landscape, driven by pressing environmental concerns and the quest for sustainable energy solutions. This paper delves into the multifaceted domain of C -Suite issues about green hydrogen, encompassing both technological advancements and policy considerations. The question of whether green hydrogen is poised to become the focal point of the upcoming energy race is explored through an extensive analysis of its potential as a clean and versatile energy carrier. The transition from conventional fossil fuels to green hydrogen is considered a fundamental shift in energy paradigms, with far-reaching implications for global energy markets. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art green hydrogen technologies, including fuel cells, photocatalysts, photo electrocatalysts, and hydrogen panels. In tandem with technological advancements, the role of policy and strategy in fostering the development of green hydrogen energy assumes paramount significance. The paper elucidates the critical interplay between government policies, market dynamics, and corporate strategies in shaping the green hydrogen landscape. It delves into policy mechanisms such as subsidies, carbon pricing, and renewable energy mandates, shedding light on their potential to incentivize the production and adoption of green hydrogen. This paper offers a nuanced exploration of C -Suite issues surrounding green hydrogen, painting a comprehensive picture of the technological and policy considerations that underpin its emergence as a transformative energy source. As the global community grapples with the imperatives of climate change mitigation and the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, understanding these issues becomes imperative for executives, policymakers, and stakeholders alike. [Display omitted] • The latest advancements in photo electrocatalysts and fuel cell technologies are reviewed. • The storage and transportation within the realm of green hydrogen energy were discussed. • Policy and strategy for fostering the development of green energy are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle the carbon emission problem, the exploitation of renewable energy resources (RESs) with zero emissions has gained much importance. In this context, hydrogen has become an important resource to involve itself in distributed energy resources (DERs) to generate electricity, energize vehicles, and heat our living areas. The utilization of hydrogen technologies is indispensable due to their procurement, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency for DERs. A challenging area in the field of hydrogen energy technologies is extracting efficient power and integration to DERs. This paper investigates how to model and operate a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack in a DER application to establish a living lab facility for educational and research purposes by covering Power-to-X (P2X). The PEMFC model of the studied system is designed in a MATLAB/Simulink environment and implemented in an experimental testbed. Thus, a fuel cell (FC) unit as a complementary source is preferred to be used near a photovoltaic (PV) array, a small-scale wind turbine (WT), and a lead acid battery energy storage system (BESS) by creating a P2X concept to form a living lab platform. Beyond the model, regarding the experimental part, a PV array, a WT, and a BESS are combined with a PEMFC module that is rated output of 1200 W. Expect for all systems, the FC part is emphasized in this study. Also, a dynamic model of the mentioned PEMFC is proposed and verified. • Importance of hydrogen energy is focused on its advantages, future role, potential, and challenges. • FC unit as a complementary source is evaluated by creating a P2X concept. • This platform is designed to meet the energy needs of research-education, diversify the supply, increase energy independence. • Energy procurement is supplied via green energy during a lesson, which is noteworthy and instructive. • Feasibility of combined PV/WT/BESS/PEMFC system is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) have become very popular in various applications because of their ability to be a clean energy source. One of the difficulties associated with HFCs is their sluggish response to variations in the load. This paper presents a nested control strategy based on a type-2 neuro-fuzzy controller (T2NFC) to improve the HFC's dynamic response in a hybrid stand-alone power network using HFC and battery. A system model is constructed using Matlab-Simulink. An interleaved converter is used to draw the maximal power from the HFC and reduce the ripple in the HFC's current. Two T2NFCs control DC voltage and battery charge/discharge current. The robustness of the T2NFC is evaluated for input disturbance, output disturbance, and both disturbances. The results show that the proposed control strategy is robust against input and output disturbances. Also, it provides improved dynamic response of the HFC, lower ripple in HFC current, and less overshoot or undershoot in DC voltage both in transient and steady-state. For step reference input, the proposed controller improves settling time of 24.06 % and overshoot of 59.55 % compared to the conventional PI controller. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller under different operating conditions of hybrid stand-alone power network with fuel cell and battery. • The response of HFC is enhanced, leading to faster and more accurate power generation. • The hydrogen fuel cell's current is experienced a significant reduction in ripples. • The hydrogen fuel cell is now being operated at its maximum power point. • A Type-2 Neuro-Fuzzy Controller is developed to provide robust control of the hydrogen fuel cell's output voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to climate change and the imperative for sustainable energy solutions, this study investigates the feasibility of producing green hydrogen and associated e-fuels (methane, methanol, and ammonia) using a renewable energy hybrid system in Dakhla, Morocco. Utilizing the System Advisor Model (SAM) software for simulation-based analysis, the research evaluates a hybrid system combining concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) plants against standalone counterparts. Various simulations comparing standalone PV and CSP plants with a novel CSP/PV hybrid concept were carried out. The hybrid system demonstrates significant promise, exhibiting increased annual energy yield and capacity factors up to 90%, leading to enhanced efficiency, performance, and cost savings with a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) approximating 17 cents/kWh. Furthermore, this paper conducts an in-depth exploration into the feasible production of hydrogen and its derived synthetic fuels utilizing hybrid renewable systems. The study provides a thorough examination of the production processes, yields, and efficiencies of hydrogen and its derivative e-fuels, with a focus on green hydrogen production through water electrolysis, CO2 hydrogenation, the Sabatier process, and the Haber-Bosch process. It sheds light on the potential applications of these fuels in the transportation sector, including in electric and hydrogen vehicles and aviation. The insights garnered are indispensable for crafting future strategies and policies in sustainable energy planning. These findings not only provide valuable direction for forthcoming initiatives in renewable energy but also underscore the pivotal role of hybridization in enhancing the efficient production and utilization of hydrogen within both renewable energy and transportation sectors. • PV and CSP systems to generate electricity for the Dakhla city was investigated. • A Hybrid system optimization has been proposed. • The Electricity surplus was used to produce hydrogen and hydrogen-based products. • Various scenarios for the heavy-duty application of e-fuel were presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapidly evolving geo-political landscape and unceasing advancements in technology, sustainable energy security is a very important topic. Research indicates that electrochemical energy systems are quite promising to solve many of energy conversion, storage, and conservation challenges while offering high efficiencies and low pollution. The paper provides an overview of electrochemical energy devices and the various optimization techniques used to evaluate them. The optimization techniques include linear regression, factorial design, the Taguchi method, artificial neural networks, filters, and a combination of such methods to improve these systems. To support the growing interest in research, the bulk of this study focuses on a review of the most promising and highly researched electrochemical energy devices, such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. The paper also provides modest commentary on hydrogen production technologies, electrochemical reactors, and membrane separation technologies, amongst other technologies. Building on a previous paper by the authors of this paper on artificial intelligence in hybrid renewable energy systems with fuel cells, this work provides a comparative review of optimization techniques for supercapacitors by highlighting key findings based on model accuracy. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the different major optimization techniques is presented. The paper concludes that a combination of optimization techniques is used to overcome the drawbacks of individual techniques, with adaptive filters being the most widely studied. This paper presents studies on the Design of Experiments (DoE) with the goal of building a better understanding of the relationships that exist between different operating variables in various electrochemical devices. • The electrochemical systems can be optimized for better performance with high accuracy. • The optimization techniques used are either model-based or data-driven. • Linear regression and artificial neural networks are the most common techniques studied. • Hybrid models could be applied to enhance systems' accuracy and minimize errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand for green technologies, hydrogen energy devices, such as Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells and water electrolysers, have received accelerated developments. However, the materials and manufacturing cost of these technologies are still relatively expensive which impedes their widespread commercialization. Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly termed 3D Printing (3DP), with its advanced capabilities, could be a potential pathway to solve the fabrication challenges of PEM parts. Herein, in this paper, the research studies on the novel AM fabrication methods of PEM components are thoroughly reviewed and analysed. The key performance properties, such as corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement resistance, of the additively manufactured materials in the PEM working environment are discussed to emphasise their reliability for the PEM systems. Additionally, the major challenges and required future developments of AM technologies to unlock their full potential for PEM fabrication are identified. This paper provides insights from the latest research developments on the significance of advanced manufacturing technologies in developing sustainable energy systems to address the global energy challenges and climate change effects. • The AM technologies relevant to PEM fabrication are reviewed. • Corrosion performance of AM materials in the PEM working environment is presented. • The challenges and prospects of AM for PEM fabrication are discussed. • AM has the potential to revolutionize the fabrication of PEM systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary global discourse on environmental and developmental issues, the dual challenges of sustainable green energy and water supply stand paramount. These elements are vitally intertwined with the socio-economic vitality of the world. Notably, regions plagued by freshwater scarcity are increasingly turning to desalination which consists of a reliable and unconventional water source. The intersection of renewable energy with desalination and water purification processes presents a compelling synergy. This approach is particularly pertinent in areas where freshwater shortages coexist with abundant solar energy availability. Additionally, these technologies boast the advantage of low operational and maintenance costs. This paper delves into the design, optimization and financial analysis of a novel, standalone hybrid energy system, integrating photovoltaic and fuel cell technologies, for an agriculture farm situated in Kairouan, Tunisia. Unlike conventional systems, this model foregoes battery storage in favour of hydrogen storage, generated through water electrolysis powered by solar energy. This system harnesses solar energy for direct electrical power generation and hydrogen gas production. A segment of the generated electricity is allocated to electrolysis for green hydrogen production. In times of solar unavailability, the stored hydrogen is reconverted to electricity via a fuel cell. An intriguing aspect of this system is the utilization of saline well water, which, due to its high salt content, necessitates purification through desalination to prevent damage to the electrolysis unit and to render it suitable for agricultural irrigation. [Display omitted] • The production of green hydrogen, water and electricity for agriculture farm in Tunisia is analyzed. • The Levelized cost of green hydrogen produced in the PV farm is 2.25 €/kg. • A PV hydrogen Farm station with a capacity of 140 kW produces 1991 kg of green hydrogen and 235 MW h of electricity yearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates an innovative study on the performance of a hybrid condensing boiler-fuel cell micro-cogeneration system for single residential applications. It combines experimental and dynamic numerical investigations including renewable energy for green hydrogen production and solid storage. Basing on the hourly measurements for a typical winter day, a dynamic model was developed and validated against different home heating need. Highlighting the influence home energy needs on fuel cell operating mode, it shows that single homes with low energy demand led to reduce the fuel cell's yearly operation below 50 %. In low-energy homes, a reduction in fuel cell size led to an increase in yearly operation to 60-70 % and achieved a 55 % electrical coverage rate. The integration of metal hydride hydrogen solid storage, powered by renewable sources, is emphasized. This setup increases heat demand, influencing fuel cell operation. In winter season, fuel cell operated for an average of 611 h, compared to 61 h in summer. System efficiency averaged 91 % annually, peaked at 95 % in summer, and sustained 93 % when both FC and condensing boiler were switched on. [Display omitted] • Modeling of a hybrid Boiler-Fuel Cell MCHP system for residential energy management. • Calibration of the FC-MCHP model using experimental data from a real MCHP unit. • Electrical and thermal coverage of the FC-MCHP unit with green hydrogen production and storage under different scenarios. • Strategies for optimal hydrogen consumption in in residential application. • Impact of solid-state hydrogen storage on FC-MCHP consumption and thermal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern world, zero-carbon society has become a new buzzword of the era. Many projects have been initiated to develop alternatives not only to the environmental crisis but also to the shortage of fossil fuels. With successful projects in automobile technology, hydrogen fuel is now being tested and utilized as a sustainable green fuel in the aviation sector which will lead to zero carbon emission in the future. From the mid-20th century to the early 21st numerous countries and companies have funded multimillion projects to develop hydrogen-fueled aircraft. Empirical data show positive results for various projects. Consequently, large companies are investing in various innovations undertaken by researchers under their supervision. Over time, the efficiency of hydrogen-fueled aircraft has improved but the lack of refueling stations, large production cost, and consolidated carbon market share have impeded the path of hydrogen fuel being commercialized. In addition, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is another important element of the Aviation industry, Hydrogen started to be commonly used as an alternative fuel for heavy-duty drones using fuel cell technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the chronological development of hydrogen-powered aircraft technology and potential aviation applications for hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Furthermore, the major barriers to widespread adoption of hydrogen technology in aviation are identified, as are future research opportunities. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen is extensively researched and acknowledged as a viable mainstream fuel option. • Hydrogen fuel is now being tested and utilized as a sustainable green fuel in the aviation sector. • Numerous countries and companies have funded multimillion projects to develop hydrogen-fueled aircraft. • Empirical data show positive results for various projects. • New engine modules have been designed to accommodate hydrogen fuel cells economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the technical and economic feasibility of a renewable energy-based system, aimed to replace the traditional diesel engines implemented on a pushed and pusher bulk carrier barge. This barge has a challenging navigational route in the Nile River from Alexandria to Aswan and vice versa. It is scheduled to complete 30 trips annually while carrying 850 tons/trip. The system is based on photovoltaic panels, and was selected with its excess energy to be stored primarily in the form of H 2 gas through electrolysis, and batteries (i.e. Power to Gas technology) to be later converted back to electrical energy through fuel cells. Hence, an operation algorithm was formulated to optimize the performance of the system by defining operating modes that use solar energy, hydrogen energy, batteries, or hybrid energy coming from multiple sources that result in an internal rate of return (IRR) of 15.1% and overall efficiency of 57.9%. This high efficiency is due to the nature of water current that flows from south to north of Egypt, therefore, causing a significant reduction in power demand in the trip from Aswan to Alexandria that requires 11,980 kW h, compared to the trip from Alexandria to Aswan that requires 21,064 kW h. • Zero emission solution combining solar energy, hydrogen generation and fuel cell propulsion for a barge in Nile River. • Preparation to achieve the 7th goal of sustainable development ensuring green propulsion in Nile River cargo transport. • Efficient use of natural resources, solar energy and water current from south to north of Egypt. • Integrating electrolizer, fuel cell, solar energy pv, batteries, and hydrogen storage to form an autonomous barge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The All-electric ship (AES) concept has revolutionized the maritime sector. Indeed, AES is a promising solution for modern vessels where decreasing emission pollution, suppressing fossil fuel consumption, and making economical operation are its brilliant merits. Fuel cell (FC) technology based on clean hydrogen energy sources can play a significant role in meeting these requirements in the AES platform. Because of the slow transient response of the FC, an energy storage system (ESS) is required to improve AES performance in different operation scenarios. Therefore, optimal sizing of the FC and the ESS and proper design of energy management strategy is a challenging problem. This paper proposes a systematic approach for the optimal design of hybrid FC-ESS of AES power systems. The proposed method is based on an optimization technique to determine the optimal sizing of the FCs and the ESS. Capital investment, fuel consumption, personnel electrical safety, and occupied volume of the AES power system are the main objectives. The FC size, the battery size, the scheduled output power of the FC, and the battery are the decision variables. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to solve the optimization problem. To validate the numerical results, the optimization problem is also solved by Mayfly Algorithm (MA) separately. To assess the feasibility of the proposed strategy, the optimal design of hybrid FC-ESS for a vessel is implemented based on the proposed method. The simulation results validate the proposed approach's sufficiency to investigate and optimize the economic, safety, and dimensional aspects of designing the FC ship's IPS. Numerical results are reported for each design aspect. Considering the minor differences of the numerical results obtained by GA and MA, the optimum points are validated by the two techniques. Using the obtained results, various perceptions can be derived from the FC ship's IPS design. For example, the IPS cost in the cases with optimum volume, weight, and safety, has 2.3%, 2.6%, and 7.3% penalties, respectively compared to the case with the minimum cost. • Fuel cell-based electrification of a fishing ship based on practical information. • Systematic approach for optimal power system design of hydrogen-powered ship. • Proposing safety objective function for integrated power system of fuel cell ship. • Fuel cell hybrid IPS optimization based on volume, mass, cost and safety. • Estimation of propulsion power demand based on ship's resistance and speed profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a clean energy source, hydrogen has attracted much attention due to its high thermal conversion efficiency, recyclability and non-polluting properties. Recently, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have become a global research hotspot, and the number of hydrogen refueling stations is steadily increasing. But the biggest problem holding them back is that the filling of high-pressure hydrogen causes a rapid increase in the internal temperature of the storage tank. In order to make hydrogen fuel cell vehicles fully popular, the principle of temperature rise is systematically elucidated, the influence of refueling parameters on the tank state is summarized and appropriate mitigation measures and solutions to limit or mitigate the effects of temperature rise are proposed in this review, such as pre-cooling the hydrogen in advance, reducing the initial hydrogen content in the tank and ensuring that the ambient temperature and the initial tank temperature are at a low level. In addition, a number of safe refueling strategies and methods are presented. Through the comprehensive study in this paper, the important relationship between the refueling parameters and the temperature rise in the tank is refined, which is very useful in promoting the development of new refueling strategies and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. [Display omitted] • Different existing hydrogen refueling protocols were compared specifically. • Researches on distribution, economics and risks of hydrogen refueling stations were studied. • The influence of hydrogen refueling parameters on the state of the tank was investigated. • An outlook on the development of fuel cell vehicles and related components was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the planning and operation of an energy district that aims to integrate a hydrogen supply chain for feeding vehicles based on fuel cell technology. A model of an energy district and an optimization algorithm based on the economic parameters are presented and validated leveraging an existing energy district, simulating several scenarios depending on different economic conditions and technical parameters. The model of the energy district evaluates energy balances, distinguishing hydrogen and electrical energy flows; the districts can include an FCEV fleet, electrical loads, energy generators, storage system and an electrolyser for producing hydrogen from the green energy surplus produced in the district as well as drawing energy from the power distribution network. The algorithm, based on MILP, is used for optimizing the flows in the district; indeed, it evaluates all the technical and economic constraints at a certain timestamp and provides optimal scheduling of the energy units. Model and algorithm have been used to evaluate different scenarios that were identified by varying the economic parameters (i.e., prices of electrical energy and hydrogen) as well as district design (i.e., upgrading sizes of the generators and electrolysers). Energy district parameters have been identified exploiting real data collected in an existing district located in Terni (Italy) owned by the local multi-utility ASM Terni S.p.A. It already includes a fleet for waste management, PV plants, office buildings and warehouses. Through parameters combination, 1125 OPEX and 729 CAPEX simulated scenarios have been evaluated and reported; each scenario assesses the daily variation of variables' economic trends covering the timeframe from 2030 to 2050. Results of simulations highlight the most convenient economic contexts as well as the envisioned amount of expenditures for adopting FCEV in the presented district or similar ones. For the case study, the forecasted cost of the hydrogen district, including FCEVs, is fully comparable to current costs, resulting in some cases even cheaper. • Energy district model integrating hydrogen and electrical energy networks. • MILP-based optimized management of hydrogen and electricity flows. • Hydrogen fleet conversion analysed in real district of a waste management company. • Analysis of 91,250 technical-economical scenarios for real fleet conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy distribution of the world is in a critical transition from traditional fossil fuel to new clean energy. Actually, the fuel cell is favored by researchers as an efficient and clean energy conversion equipment. The anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with excellent performance and long service life will become the development trend of alkaline fuel cells in the future. Compared with proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), its advantages of affordable price, work safety, and non-precious metal participation are widely favored by researchers. This paper reviews the performance of characteristics, synthesis methods, modification methods, and alkaline stability protection of anion-exchange polyelectrolytes (AEPs), and the current research and development status of AEPs used in AEMs are summarized. The evaluation and comparison of different types of AEPs and AEMs based on different AEPs are put forward. This review is expected to further deepen the understanding of AEPs in AEMFC. [Display omitted] • Multiple cations deserve further attention. • The influence of backbone on AEPs stability needs to be further explored. • The compatibility between backbone and cation may affect AEM properties. • Polymer structure design also affects the stability of AEMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline, hybrid, materials containing metal ions and organic molecules; components that together form three-dimensional structures. At the present, the large-scale production necessary for the commercialization of MOFs based industrial processes seems to be the greatest challenge, mainly due to the fact that MOFs require harsh operating conditions and large amounts of toxic solvents during their synthesis which result in added production costs and raise safety and environmental related concerns. This review provides an overview on the recent developments in the synthesis of MOFs and their green applications. The currently used solvothermal processes for the synthesis of MOFs necessitate the use of hazardous and non-renewable solvents such as such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylformamide (DEF), methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile. Green and economical routes for MOFs synthesis that are non-solvent based have been rigorously under study to facilitate the commercialization of synthesis processes that are safe and environmentally benign. Such processes include water-based MOF synthesis, mechanochemical MOFs synthesis and the use of super-critical fluids and ionic liquids as solvents to replace the conventionally used ones. The paper also discusses the recent developments in the applications of MOFs in innovative and vital applications such as hydrogen production, fuel cells, and water desalination. Challenges and corrective actions attributed to the use of MOFs in these applications are also presented and discussed. [Display omitted] • Most recent progresses in green synthesis of organic frameworks are discussed. • Green energy applications of MOFs in hydrogen production and fuel cell are tackled. • Recent developments of MOFs in desalination are summarized. • Challenges in future development, synthesis and applications of MOFs are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen-based clean energy infrastructure provides a viable option for resilience improvement against extreme events, e.g., natural disaster and malicious attacks. This paper presents a resilience-oriented operation model for industrial parks energized by integrated hydrogen-electricity-heat microgrids, which aims to improve the load survivability under contingency status. The synergies of multi-type distributed energy resources (e.g., fuel cells, hydrogen storage tanks, battery storage and heat storage unit) and the sequential operation of the industrial distribution network are analytically represented by a mixed-integer second-order conic program (SOCP) formulation. Moreover, by leveraging the information of probabilistic disaster prediction, a risk-averse receding horizon method is developed to handle the uncertainty of network contingencies, and supports the optimal decision of proactive and emergency scheduling. Numerical results on a 26-node industrial energy system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and resilient scheduling method. The synergetic operation of hydrogen-based microgrids could significantly reduce the risks of load interruption. • The resilience of industrial park with hydrogen-based microgrids is studied. • The resilient operation of integrated hydrogen-electricity-heat systems is modeled. • The uncertainty is captured by stochastic scenarios based on probabilistic prediction. • A risk-averse receding horizon method is proposed to support resilient scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels are unable to meet the current energy demands and polluting the environment with the emission of harmful gases. Therefore, clean energy technology is need of the modern era. One of the energy conversion devices is fuel cell which utilized fuel from renewable sources and convert into electricity in an efficient and clean way. However, for commercialization of this technology high operating temperature, degradation of electrodes and manufacture cost is the key challenges in conventional three layer fuel cell. Significant improvements have been made to reduce the cost and operating temperature by selecting suitable materials. Therefore, single layer fuel cell (SLFC) has been got much attention due to simple geometry. The mechanism inside the SLFC is still mystery which has been explained in this paper using quantum mechanical parameters like band gap and effect of particle size on charge transportation. In this research work, nanocomposite materials for single layer fuel cell have been synthesized by chemical routes. The x-ray diffraction shows the cubic perovskite structure with average crystallite size in the range of 23–37 nm. The particle size and surface area is found to be 23 nm and 86.42 m2 g−1, respectively. Raman spectrum of LBSCF-SDC shows a red shift compared to LBSCF and band gap of the composition 3LBSCF-7SDC is found to be 2.51 eV. Moreover, the conductivity of the sample 3LBSCF-7SDC has been found to be 0.02 Scm−1 at 750 °C. The quantum mechanical effects governing the working of single layer fuel cells are observed by different analyses. Photon confinement and Fano-Interactions phenomena resulted in a red shift using Raman analysis technique. The red shift in Raman spectrum is referred to a photon confined in a single layer fuel cell system. These effects are studied in single layer fuel cell for the first time with no previous analyses done in this newly field. • Single layer fuel cell with tremendous performance with new mechanism. • The quantum mechanically phenomena happening inside the device. • The ease of charge transportation with band gap and particle size. • Photon confinement and Fano-Interactions phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents a clean energy solution for marine applications, investigating both the choice of the most promising production and storage technologies and, in a second step, the best operational management in order to satisfy a ship's energy demand. The case study subject of the analysis is a ferry, with a capacity up to 200 people, operating on the artificial lake of Itaipu hydroelectric plant (on the border between Brazil and Paraguay). In the framework of new international rules, aimed at clean and sustainable solutions, in particular in Emission Control Areas, PEM fuel cells are a promising technology for onboard power generation. In this paper a PEM fuel cell system is investigated in detail, analyzing the best operative strategy in terms of energy efficiency, CO2 emissions and costs, in comparison with the state-of-the-art solution for ships (fuel oil ICEs). The analysis is performed with two dedicated software tools, both developed at the University of Genoa: the first is a tool modeled to support the preliminary design and the choice of the most promising solutions for maritime applications; the second is a software program for thermo-economic analysis of energy systems in time-dependent conditions, aimed at determination of the best operative strategy, minimizing operative costs. The proposed approach has general validity thus it can also be applied to different kinds of ships, even considering different technologies for energy generation and storage. • We investigate different alternative technologies for energy production and storage. • We choose the best solution and compare it with the state of the art one. • We perform a time-dependent analysis of the two best technologies. • We compare the results in terms of fuel consumptions, emissions and costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract While the integration of the fuel cell (FC) and the semiconductor thermoelectric device (TED) to form a clean energy hybrid FC-TED system has been previously studied using 0-D mathematical equations, a 3-D finite element model that couples together the physics between the two devices is yet to be comprehensively studied. This paper introduces a 3-D finite element model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics that simulates both the FC and the TED subsystems where the FC electrochemical dynamics and the TED's thermoelectric effect and heat transfer physics take place between them. The studied FC stack is in direct contact with one side of the TED via the top of the gas channel structure and the other side is then convectively cooled by active air cooling. Results demonstrate that the proposed model can easily simulate the TED as both a thermoelectric generator (TEG) or as a Peltier device for cooling and heating. In the TEG mode, energy harvesting efficiency is observed at only 0.1% but expected to improve with better TED to FC relative sizing. The Peltier heating mode is also found to be advantageous in terms of quickly regulating the FC stack temperature, a valuable feature for startup processes. Highlights • A multifield coupled analysis of an integrated FC-TED numerical model is performed. • This model marks a significant progress over conventional simplified equations. • The model involves both FC electrochemical and TEG electro-thermal physics. • The analysis involves parametric sweeps of the FC stack and TED operating voltages. • The TEG mode and TEC heating mode are found to be better modes for operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a design of a drop-in hydrogen fueling station. Drop-in stations are expected to be an important factor in the introduction of hydrogen fueling infrastructure. The stations not only allows a streamlined introduction of hydrogen in the vehicle fueling infrastructure, but also, acts as mini pilot plants that can allow for detailed control studies. The effect of the location and availability of utilities, the closeness to residential area, unintended safety concerns, people outlook towards hydrogen, etc. are some of the factors that can be readily studied with such drop-in stations. The proposed design of a drop-in station mainly considers off-the-shelf items and is conceptualized to be implemented at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. The modular design approach, with the off-the-shelf items allows for a design with the capability of mass production, and ease in transport and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]