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The number of hydrogen refuelling stations worldwide has increased to over 700 due to the rapid development of green hydrogen energy. The risk assessment of hydrogen refuelling stations is indispensable to prevent accidents, and its foundation is accident scenarios screening. Although the integrated energy supply station containing fuels such as hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol eliminates the need for building hydrogen refuelling stations separately, the risk assessment for these complex systems has not been comprehensively studied. This paper proposes a scenario screening approach for identifying potential hazards in multi-fuel integrated energy supply stations. The risk of the processing unit was evaluated, and the leakage scenarios were pre-screened to identify credible leakage scenarios that adhere to the principle of maximum credibility by considering the frequency of occurrence and severity of consequences in two parts. Based upon acquired credible leakage scenarios, secondary screening of possible accident consequences was conducted by calculating the value of the credible factor to obtain the final maximum credible accident scenarios (MAS). Credible factors are derived from the accident probability, consequence severity, population density and asset density. By comparing the values of the credible factors, the accident scenarios with a low probability or low severity were eliminated, and the accident scenarios with the highest credible factors of each unit were retained as the MAS that require further consequence simulation analysis. The results offer a crucial foundation for the consequences and risk assessment of integrated energy supply stations. • Potential consequences of accidents caused by hydrogen and other fuel leaks. • Credible scenarios for fuel leaks are identified. • Maximum credible accident scenarios are determined. • Hydrogen compressor and associated piping are most susceptible to jet fires and explosions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean energy resources will be used more for sustainability improvement and durable development. Efficient technologies of energy production, storage, and usage results in reduction of gas emissions and improvement of the world economy. Despite 30% of electricity being produced from wind energy, the connection of wind farms to medium and large-scale grid power systems is still leading to instability and intermittency problems. Therefore, the conversion of electrical energy generated from wind parks into green hydrogen consists of an exciting solution for advancing the development of green hydrogen production, and the clean transportation sector. This paper presents a techno-economic optimization of hydrogen production for refueling fuel cell vehicles, using wind energy resources. The paper analyses three configurations, standalone Wind-Park Hydrogen Refueling Station (WP-HRS) with backup batteries, WP-HRS with backup fuel cells, and grid-connected WP-HRS. The analysis of different configurations is based on the wind potential at the site, costs of different equipment, and hydrogen load. Therefore, the study aims to find the optimized capacity of wind turbines, electrolyzers, power converters, and storage tanks. The optimization results show that the WP-HRS connected to the grid has the lowest Present Worth Cost (PWC) of 6,500,000 €. Moreover, the Levelized Hydrogen Cost (LHC) of this solution was found to be 6.24 €/kg. This renewable energy system produces 80,000 kg of green hydrogen yearly. • Wind to green hydrogen represents an interesting solution for greenhouse gas reduction. • Three configurations of wind-park stations designed for green hydrogen production are analyzed. • Grid-connected wind park consists of an optimal solution for the wind park hydrogen station. • The Levelized cost of hydrogen production using a 5 MW grid-connected wind park is 6.24 €/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a clean energy source, hydrogen has attracted much attention due to its high thermal conversion efficiency, recyclability and non-polluting properties. Recently, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have become a global research hotspot, and the number of hydrogen refueling stations is steadily increasing. But the biggest problem holding them back is that the filling of high-pressure hydrogen causes a rapid increase in the internal temperature of the storage tank. In order to make hydrogen fuel cell vehicles fully popular, the principle of temperature rise is systematically elucidated, the influence of refueling parameters on the tank state is summarized and appropriate mitigation measures and solutions to limit or mitigate the effects of temperature rise are proposed in this review, such as pre-cooling the hydrogen in advance, reducing the initial hydrogen content in the tank and ensuring that the ambient temperature and the initial tank temperature are at a low level. In addition, a number of safe refueling strategies and methods are presented. Through the comprehensive study in this paper, the important relationship between the refueling parameters and the temperature rise in the tank is refined, which is very useful in promoting the development of new refueling strategies and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. [Display omitted] • Different existing hydrogen refueling protocols were compared specifically. • Researches on distribution, economics and risks of hydrogen refueling stations were studied. • The influence of hydrogen refueling parameters on the state of the tank was investigated. • An outlook on the development of fuel cell vehicles and related components was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a design of a drop-in hydrogen fueling station. Drop-in stations are expected to be an important factor in the introduction of hydrogen fueling infrastructure. The stations not only allows a streamlined introduction of hydrogen in the vehicle fueling infrastructure, but also, acts as mini pilot plants that can allow for detailed control studies. The effect of the location and availability of utilities, the closeness to residential area, unintended safety concerns, people outlook towards hydrogen, etc. are some of the factors that can be readily studied with such drop-in stations. The proposed design of a drop-in station mainly considers off-the-shelf items and is conceptualized to be implemented at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. The modular design approach, with the off-the-shelf items allows for a design with the capability of mass production, and ease in transport and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]