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Hydrogen, seen as a promising secondary renewable energy carrier, can becompressed or liquefied as well as chemically bound to enable a more economic storage and transportation. All conditioned hydrogen options obtain specific advantages and disadvantages. Thus, this paper assess the energy efficiency and the cost of a green hydrogen supply from well to tank exemplified for fuel cell heavy-duty vehicles in Germany related to the years 2030 and 2050. Therefore, compressed gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, methanol and ammonia are considered and different hydrogen production regions in North and Central Germany, as well as an import from Tunisia and Argentina (Patagonia) are assumed. The assessment shows that a hydrogen supply chain in its state of aggregation as finally demanded is the lowest cost option leading to 700 bar compressed gaseous hydrogen filling costs of 5 € 2020 /kg H2 in 2030 and 4 € 2020 /kg H2 in 2050 and liquid hydrogen filling costs around 7 € 2020 /kg H2 in 2030 and 6 € 2020 /kg H2 in 2050. • Well to tank analysis for a hydrogen supply of filling stations. • Gaseous hydrogen supply chains are the lowest cost options for gaseous filling. • Liquid hydrogen supply chains show the lowest supply costs for liquid filling. • LOHC obtain high supply costs, especially for long transportation distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argentina has a wide availability of renewable resources, which provides important advantages for the hydrogen vector incorporation. The province of Córdoba is an excellent model case for the study of the rapid incorporation of hydrogen as fuel, to replace 20% V/V of natural gas consumed in vehicular use. This does not involve major changes in infrastructure or modifications to the vehicles. This paper computes and analyzes the levelized cost of hydrogen with the emissions associated for each part of the complete hydrogen supply chain. Two different production sources were used: renewable energies sources and the Argentine electrical grid; and two production pathways: in situ and centralized production. Comparing the same volume of proposed hydrogen compressed natural gas and current CNG, a cost decrease in the majority of the scenarios and a CO 2 eq emission reduction ranging from 19.5 to 8.2% are achieved, even if the hydrogen is produced using the carbon-intensive grid electricity. • The Production of hydrogen to replace part of the CNG used in vehicles is proposed. • Levelized cost of hydrogen and the emissions associated was assessed. • The study includes the entire supply chain from production to the filling station. • The use of HCNG results in a reduction of emissions in all the studied scenarios. • The new fuel is economically favorable, becoming relevant for rapid energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to build the first Energy and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) comparison between buses with internal combustion engine currently used in the city of Rosario, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and some technological alternatives and their variants focusing on buses with an electrical engine powered by compressed hydrogen that feet fuel cells of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). This LCA comprehend raw material extraction up to its consumption as fuel. Specifically, hydrogen production considering different production processes from renewable sources called "green hydrogen" (Velazquez Abad and Dodds, 2020) [ 1 ] and non-renewable sources called "grey hydrogen" (Velazquez Abad and Dodds, 2020) [ 1 ]. Renewable sources for hydrogen production are rapid cut densified poplar energy plantation, post-industrial wood residues such as chips pallets, and maize silage. For non-renewable hydrogen production sources are the local electrical power grid from water electrolysis and natural gas from the steam methane reforming process. Buses whose fuel would be renewable hydrogen, produced near the City of Rosario, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina, meet one of the main criteria of sustainability biofuels of the European Union (EU) taken into account Renewable Energy Directive (RED) 2009/28 [ 2 ] and EU RED Directive 2018/2001 [ 3 ] that need significant reduction on net greenhouse gases (GHG) from biomass origin row material respect fossil fuels. At least 70% of GHG would be avoided from its main fossil counterpart of the intern combustion engine (ICE), in the worst and current scenario of the emission factor of the electrical grid of Argentina in the point of use that is about 0.40 kg CO 2eq /kWh with energy and environmental load of 100% in the allocation factor in the hydrogen production stage of the LCA analysis. • Significant GHG emissions avoided by using hydrogen in fuel cell buses. • At least 80% of energy consumption in hydrogen life cycle is due to the hydrogen production stage. • Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are a sustainable alternative in the decarbonization of transport. • Biomass raw material is very competitive as one option to decarbonize transport. • Biogas reforming technology is 47% less energy demanding than solid biomass gasification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we analyze energy efficiency promoting mechanisms used in Argentina in the 2001–2010 period in the electricity sector and their results. We particularly concentrate in analyzing the evolution of tariffs, sectorial consumption and the results of recent energy efficiency programs. We find that, as long as security of supply constitutes a key problem for the country, and as the governments decided to remain energy prices frozen and diverging from their real costs, the results of the program have not been the desired ones. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Despite its great wind endowment, Argentina has not still succeeded in increasing wind power share in its wholesale market. However, the energy supply problem that this country is facing from 2004 on seems to open an opportunity for wind energy projects. A wide range of legislation has recently emerged. In this context, this paper discusses whether policy instruments in the Argentinean regulatory frame contribute to economic feasibility for wind power projects or not. To this purpose, we study wind installed capacity, Argentinean wind potential, the different promotion tools used worldwide and those employed in Argentina. Finally, we realize a feasibility study for a typical project. We found, that in spite of its high wind potential, economic feature, related to policy instruments, have been a boundary to the development of wind energy into the energy mix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: From the mid eighties on, most of Latin American Countries reformed their energy systems. The impact of these reforms over electricity markets was different in each case. However, in the majority of these cases there was a shift to private participation, instead of State, and a convergence of electricity systems to hydro and thermal technologies. This is the case of Argentina and Chile. In this context, the aim of this paper is to discuss the current situation of renewable energies in Chilean and Argentinean electric markets and the potential to increase their share in total energy supply. To this purpose, we firstly study electricity deregulation process and its current situation. Secondly, we analyze renewable energy share in these electricity systems comparatively to worldwide situation. Finally, we briefly present the policy instruments used in each country. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper was to delimitate the suitable agroclimatic area for the development of Crambe abyssinica (Hochst) in Argentina, using the biophysical limits observed in other parts of the world. To find a division into zones, the isohyet of 350mm per year, the annual average temperature of 5.7°C, the isoline corresponding to the frost free 100 days and the summer average temperature of 15°C–25°C were considered to delimit the spring crambe. To delimit the winter crambe area the same hydrological limits were used. For thermal limits the temperature of −6°C was used, with an expected returning period of once every 5 years was added, as lower temperatures would produce destruction of the crops. To delimitate the optimal zone temperatures of 8°C–14°C during spring were considered. Afterwards, maps with all the thermal and hydric limits were superposed to define the probable areas for the crop. Areas of very suitable, suitable, suitable with constrains, marginal and not suitable were identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hydrogen safety issues and especially hydrogen hazard''s address are key points to remove any safety-related barrier in the implementation process of hydrogen energy systems. Demonstrative systems based on hydrogen technologies represent a clear contribution to the task of showing the feasibility of the new technologies and their beneficial capabilities among the public. In this paper, the safety features of the first hydrogen energy demonstrative plant conceived in Latin America are analyzed. The facilities, located in the village of Pico Truncado, Patagonia, Argentina, serve to gain day-to-day experience in the production, storage, distribution, conversion and use of hydrogen in several applications. The plant uses electrolysis to generate pure hydrogen from renewable primary sources, taking advantage of the installed wind power capacity that is continually growing in the region. The installations were designed to accomplish with two primary objectives: total safety assurance and minimization of human errors. Some details of the plant, including a general layout, are presented here, in addition with design criteria, hydrogen hazards, structural precautions, gas monitoring system, existing regulations and safety requirements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present paper approaches all the preliminary, normative and additional elements observed during the work carried out by the Argentine standardization board to count in the country with a normative document that covers the expectations of the local community of users and other Spanish-speaking user, about the integral safety for the hydrogen systems. The antecedents and the process of adoption of an international standard and its adaptation to the local media are analyzed. The result has been the Standard IRAM/ISO 15916 that intends to offer, to all the users and especially to those who are not familiar with the technology, a base to understand the subject of safety, thus enhancing the education of the general public in hydrogen safety matters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]