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Although the number of international students (ISs) studying in Chinese higher education institutions is growing, their academic adaptation experiences remain under-investigated. This study employed a case study with a convergent design to understand how ISs experienced academic adaptation. It was found that ISs' academic adaptation is related to a series of individual (motivation, language proficiency, acculturation strategies) and sociocultural (support resources, intercultural training) factors as well as the interplay of the factors over time. At the group level, academic adaptation was positively associated with motivation, bilingual proficiency (Mandarin and English), the integration strategy, perceived support from Chinese teachers, and intercultural training, and negatively related to the marginalization strategy. Further qualitative findings through reflective journals explained how ISs' motivational adjustments, their improvement in Mandarin and English proficiency, the adoption of integration in different situations, and the use of heterogeneous functions of intercultural training and support resources contributed to individual ISs' academic journey in China. Informed by these empirical findings, this study offers implications for the support and training of ISs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As society becomes increasingly diverse over time, the interaction among different cultural groups is an essential topic in intercultural research. Berry (2017) proposed three hypotheses of intercultural relations: multiculturalism, contact, and integration, in trying to answer the question, "How shall we all live together?". Since most studies on intercultural relations are conducted in the context of Western culture, less empirical evidence about the three hypotheses examination is drawn from the plural societies other than Western ones. Therefore, this study evaluates three hypotheses on intercultural relations with regards to Filipino immigrants in Macau, and expects to provide new empirical research support for testing relevant hypotheses on intercultural relations and enrich the existing literature. A total of 233 community samples (58.5 % females; M age = 28.24) were recruited and employed scales from the MIRIPS questionnaire to collect data on co-ethnic contact, host contact, perceived discrimination, acculturation strategies, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Path analysis revealed that: (1) With respect to the multicultural hypothesis, perceived discrimination was positively related with integration and separation; (2) With respect to the contact hypothesis, co-ethnic contact was positively related with perceived discrimination; co-ethnic contact was positively related with integration and separation, and host contact was positively related with assimilation; (3) With respect to the integration hypothesis, integration was the most preferred strategy for the participants and was associated with better psychological adaptation (termed self-esteem and life satisfaction). These findings partially support the validity of the hypotheses. Finally, future research directions and empirical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about acculturation strategies among multicultural family adolescents in South Korea. This study examined whether the life satisfaction of multicultural family adolescents differed by acculturation strategy. In addition, this study examined the factors that predict acculturation strategies. For this purpose, we used a one-way analysis of variance and multinomial logistic regression. The data for this study were taken from the Multi-cultural Adolescents Panel Study. The frequencies of acculturation strategies were: marginalization, 297 (18.2 %); separation, 97 (6.0 %); assimilation, 839 (51.5 %); and integration, 395 (24.3 %). The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that life satisfaction was highest for integration and decreased for assimilation, separation, and marginalization. Gender, national identity, self-esteem, resilience, parental neglect, parental acculturative stress, family support, friends' support, and teacher support were found to be significantly associated with the categorized acculturation strategies. Based on the results, implications with suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researching the acculturation processes of Syrian refugee children in Turkey is essential in terms of the mental health of both the host society and the migrant community. To this end, this study adapts to the Turkish and Arabic languages the Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA), which has been developed as a bidimensional instrument assessing acculturation in the 11–18 age group. Data were collected from 957 Syrian refugee children as part of the present study. Analyses showed that the two-dimensional structure each consisting of 10 items and named identification with the heritage culture and identification with the mainstream culture in the original version was supported by both the Turkish version and Arabic version. In conclusion, construct, convergent and discriminant validity as well as composite and Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient for the Turkish and Arabic forms of the 20-item VIA were determined to be sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature, several studies have shown that the perpetrator's ethnic origin and acculturation strategy are particularly influential extrajudicial factors, but authors have focused on highly stigmatized groups. The aim of this study was to examine how the participants' judgments were influenced by the acculturation strategy of a Vietnamese aggressor (member of a valued minority group in France), the consequences of the act for the victim, and their level of SDO. It was expected that assimilation, which reflects a strong similarity with the majority group, or separation, reflecting strong dissimilarity, would lead to negative judgments of the assault and its perpetrator and a harsher punishment. After reading a scenario describing a physical assault committed by a Vietnamese man, in which the perpetrator's acculturation strategy and the consequences of the act were manipulated, 196 French students completed a questionnaire. The results confirm our hypothesis. Moreover, they show that when there were serious consequences for the victim, the act was considered to be more serious if the offender had not adopted French culture. However, when the consequences were minor, the act was considered to be more serious and a harsher punishment was recommended if the offender had adopted French culture. We explain how acculturation strategy is an important factor when judging transgressions, and how being too similar or too different to the majority group can increase the perceived threat. The status of SDO is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there have been abundant studies on the acculturation of immigrants in developed countries, such as Russia and the United States, research on acculturation in China has been relatively rare and mainly focuses on migrant workers in metropolitan cities. This study conducted a six-month investigation of the acculturation of 133 international students in Wuhan, a non–first-tier city and the largest city in central China, using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Moreover, this study explored six major factors in the acculturation process, including ethnic identity, perceived attitude, social support, social interaction, daily communication, and future plans. It was found that most of the international students in Wuhan could acculturate well, tended to adopt an integration strategy in their acculturation process, and all the factors under investigation, except social interaction, exerted significant influence in the process. Different measures have been proposed to facilitate the acculturation process of international students in China. This study aimed to provide a reference for future research on international students' acculturation strategies and results and to formulate relevant policies in facilitating the acculturation process in some universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the acculturation, experiences of discrimination and wellbeing of a representative sample of over 3000 adult second generation of immigrants in Canada; 43% were born in Canada, while 57% immigrated before the age of 12 years. Four acculturation profiles were created using two sense of belonging questions: those who have strong sense of belonging to both Canada and own ethnic group (integrated); those who have a strong sense of belonging to Canada only (assimilated); those who have strong sense of belonging to own ethnic group only (separated); and those who have weak sense of belonging to both Canada or own ethnic group (marginalised). In the study sample, 75% are in the integration group, 15% in assimilation, 6% in separation, and 5% in marginalization. Wellbeing is assessed with two questions about life satisfaction and self-rated mental health. Those in the integration group have a significantly higher level on both measures of wellbeing. The experience of discrimination is significantly associated with being in the separation group. The effect of discrimination on wellbeing varied by acculturation profile: marginalization amplifies the effect of discrimination, while assimilation mitigates it. Social and demographic factors also affect wellbeing, particularly having low levels of education, income and employment. Implications for the settlement process are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although acculturation involves changes of both minority and majority group members, previous research focused primarily on the former. Furthermore, while the relevance of acculturation in the socio-cultural domain is well established, research has largely ignored acculturation in the political domain. This paper presents two experimental studies that investigated the extent to which Dutch majority members’ out-group feelings are influenced by the political acculturation strategies of Muslim immigrants. Majority members reacted strongly to the different acculturation strategies, defined in terms of group interests and goals. Their feelings were more negative when Muslims were presented as politically advancing the interests of their in-group, while Muslims furthering goals that benefit society as a whole were met with considerably less resistance. The differential evaluation of the political acculturation strategies depended on perceptions of power threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current immigration societies consist of a growing number of culturally different immigrant groups and fading majority groups ( Van Oudenhoven & Ward, 2013 ). The present paper states that, as a consequence of this new composition of societies, immigrants and native inhabitants will use increasingly more individualized ways of approaching members of the growing number of available different cultural groups. Specifically, there will be a shift from acculturation strategies to identity strategies such as biculturalism, and toward applying personality-based intercultural competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research used the Photovoice method to enhance critical and intercultural dialogue in a group of host young adults. Photovoice belongs to the field of participatory action research and Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), methods generally used in investigations of individual and social change. Taking part in this study were 99 Italian subjects (75 females and 24 males), living in a two north-western region of Italy. Findings show that integration is the most frequent acculturative strategy represented by the participants, followed by assimilation, separation and marginalisation. Participants also represent positive attitudes, that underline an openness towards others and feelings of equality. They also articulate solidarity, feelings of reciprocity towards immigrants and hope for a more intercultural future. Positive contact with immigrants is experienced. Participants also revealed negative attitudes, identifying the presence of mutual closure and uneasiness towards other groups. Moreover, they think that host negative attitudes include indifference, intolerance, prejudice, racism, discrimination, fear and ignorance. Conversely, they think that immigrants live in a situation of delusion about their own expectations of their experience, loneliness and isolation. Participants say that this study made them think about issues they do not usually explore and to develop a critical dialogue about them. From these findings, it may be possible to design a positive representation of an intercultural reality that is becoming more and more realistic in which young adults are amenable to an increasingly intercultural society and desirous of acquiring better understandings of other cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In political debates, migrants' political involvement in their countries of origin and successful adaptation to receiving countries are often portrayed as incompatible. We address this concern by examining the links between acculturation preferences, perceived discrimination, and migrants' transnational political involvement in their country of origin. In line with collective action research, a cross-sectional questionnaire study (N=84) among Senegalese migrants in Paris (France) and Geneva (Switzerland) examined three pathways to transnational political involvement (motivations and actual behaviour). Perceived discrimination, the grievances pathway, was positively related to both transnational motivations (but only when desire to adopt the receiving culture was low) and political behaviour in Senegal. Desire to adopt the culture of the receiving society as an acculturation preference, the embeddedness pathway, was also positively linked to transnational motivations and political behaviour. Finally, desire to maintain the culture of origin as an acculturation preference--the collective identification pathway--was unrelated to transnational political involvement. These findings underscore the compatibility of transnational political involvement in countries of origin and adaptation to receiving societies. We discuss the pivotal role of political psychology in bringing together acculturation psychology and transnationalism studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chinese migrant workers form a substantial body of people who move to large cities from rural areas to seek employment. As they settle into the large urban cities, these internal migrants experience challenges that are similar to those of international migrants, and of members of ethnic groups who engage in the process of acculturation. Many see this flow as a problem, one that needs to be understood through research using evidence based on concepts and methods used in international acculturation research. In the present study, we examine the Urban Identity of 787 migrants, using the Migrant Workers’ Urban Identity Questionnaire developed by . This instrument distinguishes two aspects of urban identity: social identity and place identity. In addition, 328 of these respondents were tested with the Satisfaction with Life Scale () and the Global Self-Worth Scale (). Findings show that the acculturation strategies model based on international immigrants’ identity can apply to the seasonal migrant workers’ identity. With respect to their acculturation strategies: (1) different operationalisations of the second dimension in the two dimension model lead to a different classification of acculturation strategies; the ‘deeper’ the psychological phenomena the less migrant workers want to engage the national society; (2) different acculturation strategies were favored in social identity and place identity domains; (3) data from the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Global Self-Worth Scale shows, by and large, that integration is the best acculturation strategy (and the marginalization the worst) for achieving wellbeing in both social identity and in place identity. This corresponds to findings and conclusions of much of the previous research on acculturation based on international migration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, a new acculturation intentions model (AIM) was formulated to help explain immigrants’ preferences for different acculturation strategies and their further emigration intentions, i.e. their plans to either remain in the host country, return to their country of origin, or emigrate to a third country. The AIM applies the theory of planned behavior () to the case of immigration. In the present study, the AIM was assessed among high-school adolescents who immigrated from Russia and Ukraine to Israel as part of an educational program (n =151). The adolescents completed questionnaires twice: half a year before and three years after their immigration. In accordance with the theoretical model, attitudes towards the country of origin and the host country and perceived environmental constraints (including perceived discrimination as well as perceived social support from parents, peers, and teachers) affected the immigrants’ acculturation intentions. In contrast with what was hypothesized in this study, immigrants’ psychological resources were not related to their acculturation intentions. The significance of these findings for both the immigrants and the host society are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: When groups of different cultural backgrounds and their individual members engage each other, a process of acculturation begins, leading to cultural and psychological changes in both parties. A second process (globalisation) is also initiated by intercultural contact and leads to cultural and individual change. Two long-held assumptions are that (i) these two processes induce more change among non-dominant peoples, and (ii) the eventual outcome will be the loss of distinctive cultural and behavioural features of non-dominant group members, leading to their absorption into a homogeneous society that resembles the original dominant group. The long-term outcome is thus believed to be one rather homogeneous global society, sharing beliefs, values, consumer preferences and social structures. In this paper these assumptions are challenged, employing an acculturation framework that posits highly variable cultural and psychological outcomes that follow from intergroup contact. In addition to the assimilation of non-dominant peoples into dominant societies (either within societies or internationally), this framework proposes that other outcomes are possible: integration results in the maintenance of existing cultures and behaviours while peoples engage in day-to-day interaction within an evolving civic framework; separation results in the cultural and psychological maintenance when groups and individuals avoid interaction as much as possible; and marginalisation results in cultural and psychological loss, particularly among non-dominant populations, along with their exclusion from full and equitable participation in the larger society. Examples of such variability are provided, using empirical studies of indigenous and diasporic peoples, immigrants, and nation states. It is concluded that, rather than assimilation and homogenisation resulting from intercultural contact, the more likely outcomes are either some forms of integration (exhibiting a high degree of cultural and psychological continuity and producing new social structures that incorporate interacting peoples), or separation (in the form of resistance and revitalisation of heritage cultures). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this work was to study acculturation of the African immigrant and host populations in an area in the southeast of Spain (Almería), characterized by a high rate of immigration. A new acculturation model, the Relative Acculturation Extended Model, RAEM [Navas, M., Pumares, P., Sánchez, J., García, M. C., Rojas, A. J., Cuadrado, I., & Asensio, M. (2004). Estrategias y actitudes de aculturación: la perspectiva de los inmigrantes y de los autóctonos en Almería. Sevilla: Dirección General de Coordinación de Políticas Migratorias. Consejería de Gobernación. Junta de Andalucía; Navas, M., García, M. C., Sánchez, J., Rojas, A. J., Pumares, P., & Fernández, J. S. (2005). Relative Acculturation Extended Model: New contributions with regard to the study of acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 21–37], is used for this. This model differentiates between the real and ideal planes of acculturation, that is, between the strategies that are actually put into practice and attitudes that are preferred. Moreover, the model distinguishes seven spheres, or domains, of acculturation (political, work, economic, social, family, religious and ways of thinking), in which persons (immigrants and natives) adopt and prefer different acculturation options (strategies and attitudes). About 1523 persons (397 Maghrebis, 434 Sub-Saharans, 398 Spaniards who evaluated the Maghreb exogroup and 385 Spaniards who evaluated the Sub-Saharan exogroup), answered a questionnaire made expressly for the study. According to our predictions, immigrants and natives coincide in their choices for acculturation (“assimilation”) in the peripheral domains of the RAEM (work, economic); they also coincide in their acculturation attitudes in the social domain (“integration”); however, they differ enormously in the options preferred for the central spheres, or hard core, of the culture (e.g., family, religious, ways of thinking): While immigrants prefer “separation”, natives continue to prefer “assimilation”. Advantages of the RAEM division into domains of acculturation are discussed with regard to previous models, as well as the implications for predicting inter-group conflict. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: People usually perceive immigrants from different national origins as similar to each other, and thus as belonging to a limited number of ethnic out-groups [Sporer, S. L. (2001a). Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychology, Public and Law, 7, 36–97, Sporer, S. L. (2001b). The cross-race effect: Beyond recognition of faces in the laboratory. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 7, 170–200.]. In this study, we examine how host nationals (i.e., Italians) categorize immigrants and how prejudice and perceived acculturation strategies influence this process. In our research, photographs of male faces of members of 16 immigrant groups were shown to the participants (N=305). They were asked to identify the national origin of each person on the photographs. In line with the expected over-inclusion into more numerous and more devalued out-groups, the researchers found that (a) participants who perceived Albanians or Moroccans to be the most numerous, were most likely to categorize immigrants as belonging to these groups; and (b) this over-inclusion effect was most pronounced when participants were prejudiced toward these groups and when they perceived them as wanting to maintain their cultures of origin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine host group members ‘towards immigrants’ acculturation strategy preferences and the relationship between these attitudes and the level of prejudice towards immigrants. A questionnaire containing different prejudice scales was administered to 160 Italian participants living in Rome. In addition respondents were presented with vignettes depicting different acculturation strategies: Assimilation, Integration, Separation, or Marginalization. Respondents received a vignette each describing only one acculturation strategy. Results showed that prejudice towards immigrants affected the evaluation of acculturation strategies. The more prejudice the respondent was, the more negative was his or her attitude towards Separation and Marginalization and the more positive was his or her attitude towards Assimilation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The worldwide volume and social relevance of migratory processes justify the need to study the psychological acculturation of the host and immigrant populations through a model adapted to the social context in which they develop. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to carry out a review of some of the existing acculturation models (e.g., Berry, Kim, Power, Young, & Bujaki. (1989). Applied Psychology, 38, 185–206; Bourhis, Moïse, Perreault, & Senécal. (1997). International Journal of Psychology, 32(6), 269–386; Piontkowski, Florack, Hoelker, & Obdrzálek. (2000). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 1–26), ending up with a proposal for a Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM). This theoretical framework gathers some elements from previous models and adds some new ones in order to offer new explanations for the acculturation strategies and attitudes preferred by both the native and immigrant populations. The most relevant contributions of the RAEM can be summarised as, on the one hand, the consideration of different acculturation domains (political, work, economic, family, social, religion and ways of thinking) and on the other, the differentiation between the acculturation strategies adopted in reality and the acculturation attitudes ideally preferred by the groups in contact. This model also takes into account the ethnocultural origin of immigrants and some variables predicting and modulating their acculturation strategies and attitudes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]