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Categorical data sequences occur in many applications such as forecasting, data mining and bioinformatics. In this note, we present higher-order Markov chain models for modelling categorical data sequences with an efficient algorithm for solving the model parameters. The algorithm can be implemented easily in a Microsoft EXCEL worksheet. We give a detailed description for the implementation which is accessible and useful to anyone who is interested in the applications of higher-order Markov chain models and has some knowledge of EXCEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are widely used in bioinformatics, speech recognition and many other areas. This note presents HMMs via the framework of classical Markov chain models. A simple example is given to illustrate the model. An estimation method for the transition probabilities of the hidden states is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]