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In this paper, we explore how to generate solitary, peakon, periodic, cuspon and kink wave solution of the well-known partial differential equation Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) by using exp-function and modified exp-function methods. The presented methods construct more efficiently almost all types of soliton solution of KdV equation that can be rarely seen in the history. These methods appear to be straightforward and symbolic calculations are used to solve the problem. All resulting answers are verified for accuracy using the symbolic computation program with M a p l e. To show the physical appearance of the model, 3D plots of all the generated solutions are then displayed. The obtained solutions revealed the compatibility of the proposed techniques which provide the general solution with some free parameters. This is the key benefit of these methods over the other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the wave propagation to the nonlinear Sharma–Tasso–Olver–Burgers (STOB) equation which is used as the governing model in different fields. Natural phenomena are typically complex and nonlinear, defying simple linear superposition. Researchers have been studying a wide range of natural phenomena in depth, and nonlinear science has gradually become a part of people's consciousness. One of the most significant research questions in nonlinear science centers around the nonlinear evolution equation and its precise solution. We have secured different shapes of the solitary wave solutions including kink-type, shock-type and combined solitary wave solutions with the assistance of recently developed integration tool, namely the new extended direct algebraic method (NEDAM). Additionally, the solutions for the hyperbolic, exponential and trigonometric functions are retrieved. Moreover, based on a comparison of our results to those that are well known, the study indicates that our solutions are innovative. Using proper parameters in numerical simulations and physical explanations, it is possible to demonstrate the significance of the results. The results of this research can improve the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a system and indicate that the methodology employed is adequate. It is proposed that the offered method can be utilized to support nonlinear dynamical models applicable to a wide variety of physical situations. We hope that a wide spectrum of engineering model professionals will find this study to be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use new extended generalized Kudryashov and improved tan (ϑ 2) expansion approaches to investigate Kerr law nonlinearity in the extended Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation in a dense wavelength division multiplexed system. These methods rely on a traveling wave transformation and an auxiliary equation. These approaches successfully extract trigonometric, rational and hyperbolic solutions, along with some appropriate conditions imposed on parameters. To explain the dynamics of soliton profiles, a graphical description of newly discovered solutions is also presented, which exhibits distinct physical significance. The considered methods are recognized as useful and influential tools for creating solitary wave solutions to nonlinear problems in the mathematical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the Lax pair (LP) of the (1 + 1) -dimensional Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation (BBBE). Based on the LP, initial solution and Darboux transformation (DT), the analytic one-soliton solution will also be obtained for BBBE. This paper contains a bunch of soliton solutions together with bright, dark, periodic, kink, rational, Weierstrass elliptic and Jacobi elliptic solutions for governing model through the newly developed sub-ODE method. The BBBE has a wide range of applications in modeling long surface gravity waves of small amplitude. In addition, we will evaluate generalized breathers, Akhmediev breathers and standard rogue wave solutions for stated model via appropriate ansatz schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts the rational extended sine-cosine and cosh-sinh methods to construct the Bogoyavlenskii equation's exact solutions. To the best of our knowledge, the Bogoyavlenskii equation has not been investigated by aforementioned techniques. In this paper, we find the precise traveling wave solutions of the Bogoyavlenskii equation. Finally, 3D and 2D graphics of the obtained solutions are illustrated for the applicability and reliability of the proposed strategy for various special values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a key contribution with respect to the applications of solitary wave solutions to the unique solution in the presence of the auxiliary data. Hence, this study provides an insight for the unique selection of solitons for the physical problems. Additionally, the novel numerical scheme is developed to compare the result. Further, this paper deals with the stochastic Fisher-type equation numerically and analytically with a time noise process. The nonstandard finite difference scheme of stochastic Fisher-type equation is proposed. The stability analysis and consistency of this proposed scheme are constructed with the help of Von Neumann analysis and Itô integral. This model is applicable in the wave proliferation of a viral mutant in an infinitely long habitat. Additionally, for the sake of exact solutions, we used the Riccati equation mapping method. The solutions are constructed in the form of hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational forms with the help of Mathematica 11.1. Lastly, the graphical comparisons of numerical solutions with exact wave solution with the help of Neumann boundary conditions are constructed successfully in the form of 3D and line graphs by using different values of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the importance of using nonlinear evolution equations in the investigation of many natural phenomena, in this paper, we consider the (2 + 1) -dimensional Date–Jimbo–Kashiwara–Miwa ((2 + 1) -dimensional DJKM) equation, we will investigate the solutions for this equation. Using the multiple exp functions method, we obtain analytical solutions for this equation, which are one-soliton, two-soliton and three-soliton solutions and these solutions include three categories of soliton wave solutions, i.e., one-wave solutions, two-wave solutions and three wave solutions. We have performed all calculations with a computer algebra system such as Maple and have also provided a graphical representation of the obtained solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the recently introduced (4+1)-dimensional Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli equation (4D-BLMPE) utilized to model wave phenomena in incompressible fluid and fluid mechanics. Modified extended tanh expansion method (METEM) and the new Kudryashov scheme are implemented to produce analytical soliton solutions for the presented equation. The traveling wave transformation is constructed, and the homogeneous balance principle is utilized to apply the two proposed techniques. Furthermore, the flat-kink, smooth-kink, singular, and periodic singular solutions are successfully extracted. Some produced solutions are illustrated graphically to understand the physical meaning of the presented model. Moreover, for the first time in this study, the effect of model parameters on kink soliton dynamics is examined, and graphical representations are depicted and interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the initial-boundary value (IBV) problem for a generalized Sasa–Satsuma equation with 3 × 3 Lax pair by Fokas unified method on the half line. Based on the analyticity and asymptotics of the eigenfunctions, the IBV problem is formulated as a Riemann–Hilbert (RH) problem. Further, the global relation among IBVs is established and the map from the Dirichlet boundary value to Neumann boundary value is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have employed two different forms of mathematical methods, namely the extended simple equation method, and modified F -expansion method to establish several types of solutions of the generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili modified equal width-Burgers (G-KP-MEW-B) equation that is used to designate the propagation of long-wave with dissipation and dispersion in nonlinear media. A suitable transform is applied to convert into an ordinary differential equation. As a result, after implementation of the proposed schemes, distinct types of solutions are obtained in the form of exponential hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational functions. To analyze the physical phenomena of the model, some constructed solutions are plotted in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional by inserting the specific values to attached parameters. Hence, the recommended schemes are highly admirably mathematical tools to evaluate the wave solutions of various models in nonlinear science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new generalized KdV equation, describing the motions of long waves in shallow water under the gravity field, is considered in this paper. By adopting a series of well-organized methods, the Bäcklund transformation, the bilinear form and diverse wave structures of the governing model are formally extracted. The exact solutions listed in this paper are categorized as lump-type, complexiton, and soliton solutions. To exhibit the physical mechanism of the obtained solutions, several graphical illustrations are given for particular choices of the involved parameters. As a direct consequence, diverse wave structures given in this paper enrich the studies on the KdV-type equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the numerical solutions are proposed for the 1D Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (BBM) equation and 2D coupled BBM system by using Galerkin finite element technique. In this regard, the cubic B-splines and linear triangular elements are used, respectively. In 1D space, a proposed numerical scheme is implemented to a test problem including the motion of a single solitary solution. To verify practicality and robustness of our new procedure, the error norms L 2 , L ∞ and three constants I 1 , I 2 and I 3 are evaluated. Stability analysis of the linearized technique indicates that it is unconditionally stable. Moreover, a tsunami wave in 2D space is used to investigate the efficiency of the considered method. Also, the improved tanh (Γ (ϖ)) - coth (Γ (ϖ)) function technique (IThChT) and the combined tan (Γ (ϖ)) - cot (Γ (ϖ)) function technique (ITCT) are obtained in the mentioned BBM equation. The presented methods are seen to be robust, impressive and economical to employment as compared to the existing finite difference techniques and other earlier papers for discovering the numerical solutions for numerous types of linear and nonlinear PDEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a special integrable negative-order Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff equation (nCBS) in fluid mechanics is studied by means of the symmetry reduction method and consistent tanh expansion method. The Painlevé integrability is investigated to confirm the compatibility conditions. This integrable nCBS equation has been transformed into different reduction equations and the corresponding invariant solutions with arbitrary functions are obtained. The corresponding structures of the invariant solutions for the nCBS equation are also shown graphically. At last, new types of soliton–cnoidal interaction solutions for the nCBS equation are presented through the consistent tanh expansion method on the basis of the truncated Painlevé expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we get certain the lump-trigonometric solutions and rogue waves with predictability of a (2+1)-dimensional Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky equation in fluid dynamics with the assistance of Maple based on the Hirota bilinear form. We first construct a general quadratic form to get the general lump solution for the referred model. At the same time the lump-trigonometric solutions are concluded with plenty of solutions, in which the lump solution localized in all directions in space. The analytical solutions obtained are employed in the investigation of the impacts of the parameters on type of solutions. Moreover, when the lump solution is cut by twin-solitons, the special rogue waves are also introduced. Furthermore, we obtain a new sufficient solutions containing breather wave, cross-kink, periodic-kink, multi-waves and solitary wave solutions. The developed models in this work will serve as the basis for comparisons for the analytical solutions of the subsequent works on the performance of mentioned equation. It is worth noting that the emerging time and place of the rogue waves depend on the moving path of lump solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time-dependent variable coefficients of Bogoyavlensky–Konopelchenko (BK) equation and generalized Bogoyavlensky–Konopelchenko (gBK) equation are considered in this paper. The integrability test by Painlevé analysis is being implemented on both the considered equations. An auto-Bäcklund transformation has been generated with the help of Painlevé analysis for both equations. Auto-Bäcklund transformation method has been used for obtaining the analytic solutions. By using auto-Bäcklund transformation method, three different analytic solution families have been derived for each of the considered equations. Multi-soliton solutions are also calculated for both the considered equations by using Hereman and Nuseir algorithm. All the results are expressed graphically in 3D by varying different functions and parametric values. These graphs reveal the physical significance of equations under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupled-Higgs equation, which depicts a system of preserved scalar nucleons cooperating with unbiased scalar mesons, is investigated using the ϕ 6 -model expansion approach in this paper. We want to look at the various particles that are created when scalar nucleons collide with unbiased scalar mesons. The modulus of the elliptic function m → 0 and m → 1 is used to obtain the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Under the stated limited constraints, all found solutions are used to validate the partial differential equation. We displayed 3D surfaces and 2D visuals of selected solutions produced with the assistance of a computer program to shed more light on the dynamic behavior of the acquired solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Allen–Cahn equation with time noise is under consideration. The extended fan-sub technique is used to find the exact solutions. The solutions are successfully extracted in the form of hyperbolic, trigonometric and mixed forms of solitons. Importantly, the physical unique value problems of the solutions are discussed using the different values of parameters. The 2D, 3D, and their corresponding contour behaviors of these solutions are depicted by choosing the different values of parameters. The stability is controlled through the Borel coefficient in the noise term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel meshless numerical scheme to solve the time-fractional Oskolkov–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Burgers-type equation has been proposed. The proposed numerical scheme is based on finite difference and Kansa-radial basis function collocation approach. First, the finite difference scheme has been employed to discretize the time-fractional derivative and subsequently, the Kansa method is utilized to discretize the spatial derivatives. The stability and convergence analysis of the time-discretized numerical scheme are also elucidated in this paper. Moreover, the Kudryashov method has been utilized to acquire the soliton solutions for comparison with the numerical results. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to confirm the applicability and accuracy of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the local discontinuous Galerkin method is used to analyze numerical solutions for nonlinear Allen–Cahn equations with nonperiodic boundary conditions. To begin with, the spatial variables are discretized to generate a semidiscrete method of lines scheme. This yields an ordinary differential equation system in the temporal variable, which is then solved using the higher-order total variation diminishing Runge–Kutta method. A comparison of the generated numerical results to the exact results for various test problems using different tables and figures provides insight into the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. The numerical results confirm that the proposed method is an effective numerical scheme for solving the Allen–Cahn equation since the obtained solutions are extremely close to the exact solutions while exhibiting substantially less error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a unified presentation traveling wave solutions for the Mukherjee–Kundu equation which is a variant of the well-known nonlinear Schrödinger equation. A Weierstrass function approach has been employed to derive a Weierstrass elliptic function solutions, which can be reduced to the Jacobian elliptic function solutions through the conversion transformations. Due to the reductions of the Jacobian elliptic function solutions, the solitary wave solution and the trigometric period wave solution can be found by m → 1 and m → 0 , respectively. In addition, the features of the obtained traveling wave solutions are represented graphically with the appropriate parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with cross-kink waves in the (2+1)-dimensional KP–BBM equation in the incompressible fluid. Based on Hirota's bilinear technique, cross-kink solutions related to KP–BBM equation are constructed. Taking the special reduction, the exact expression of different types of solutions comprising exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions is obtained. Moreover, He's variational direct method (HVDM) based on the variational theory and Ritz-like method is employed to construct the abundant traveling wave solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Hirota–Satsuma–Ito equation. These traveling wave solutions include kinky dark solitary wave solution, dark solitary wave solution, bright solitary wave solution, periodic wave solution and so on, which are all depending on the initial hypothesis for the Ritz-like method. In continuation, the modulation instability is engaged to discuss the stability of the obtained solutions. Moreover, the rational tan (/ 2) method on the generalized Hirota–Satsuma–Ito equation is investigated. The applicability and effectiveness of the acquired solutions are presented through the numerical results in the form of 3D and 2D graphs. A variety of interactions are illustrated analytically and graphically. The influence of parameters on propagation is analyzed and summarized. The results and phenomena obtained in this paper enrich the dynamic behavior of the evolution of nonlinear waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that the Toda oscillator can be converted to a new Helmholtz-Fangzhu equation, which is solved by the homotopy perturbation method with three expansions. The solution, the negative frequency and the damping rate are expanded into power forms in the homotopy parameter, the solution process is given step by step, and the results are of high accuracy. This paper gives a general approach to damp vibrations with singular terms,especially to the Helmholtz-Fangzhu oscillator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the integrability of a generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional equation is investigated by using the Bell polynomials and Hirota bilinear method. By appropriate transformation, the bilinear equation is constructed. Some soliton solutions are yielded via the Hirota bilinear method. Then the evolution and collision of the soliton solutions are discussed. Starting from the two-field condition, the bilinear Bäcklund transformation is derived. Linearization of the -polynomials-typed Bäcklund transformation leads to the Lax pair. Besides, infinite conservation laws are derived by constructing the Riccati-type equation and devergence-type equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we obtain novel solutions of a coupled ϕ 4 , a coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation and a coupled modified Korteweg de Vries equation which can be re-expressed as a linear superposition of either the sum or the difference of two hyperbolic pulse solutions or the sum of either a two-kink or a kink and an antikink solution. These results demonstrate that the notion of superposed solutions extends to coupled nonlinear equations as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we used the traveling wave transformation to find out the exact solutions of the conformable time fractional differential equations with the help of the Modified simplest equation procedure. We applied the given procedure to two different equations which are conformable time-fractional Boussinesq and coupled Boussinesq equations. First, we reduced the given equations to ordinary differential equations using wave transformations. Then, we applied the procedure to the given equations. We obtained hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational solutions. We gave the 3D plots, 2D plots and contour plots for some obtained solutions. According to our results, we can say the given method is effective, powerful and gives simple, reliable solutions compared to the other methods. All obtained solutions were checked with the help of Mathematica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the full nonlinearity form of the space–time fractional Fokas–Lenells equation is scrutinized to get new analytical solutions. To achieve this, a convenient method is applied namely, a new Kudryashov method. The achieved solutions show pulse propagation in different wave patterns such as singular bell shape, peakon, singular anti-bell shape, dark, anti-bell and bright solutions. These physical characteristics are studied thoroughly by the graphical representation, which shows the fruitfulness and functionality of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study different analytical solutions for long water-wave equation (LWWE) like lump, breathers, rogue waves, periodic cross-kink, periodic wave, lump with one and two-kink, multiwave and periodic-cross lump. We compute the essential relationship between interaction between lump periodic and kink wave, periodic cross-kink and other types of exact solutions by studying the unknown nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) for long water wave. We show the graphical representation for our retrieve analytical solutions to observe the behavior of effective waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional Hietarinta equation which is investigated by utilizing Hirota's bilinear method. Also, the bilinear form is obtained, and the N-soliton solutions are constructed. In addition, multi-wave and breather wave solutions of the addressed equation with specific coefficients are presented. Finally, under certain conditions, the asymptotic behavior of solutions is analyzed in both methods. Moreover, we employ the linear superposition principle to determine N -soliton wave solutions for the generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional Hietarinta equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a work on dynamic equation of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) derived from the Peyrard–Bishop (PB) model oscillator chain for various dynamical solitary wave solutions. In order to construct novel soliton solutions in the DNA dynamic PB model with beta-derivative, the efficiency of the newly developed algorithms is being investigated, which could include a new auxiliary equation strategy (NAES). Some precise soliton solutions comprising dark, light and other forms of multi-wave soliton solutions are achieved via the proposed methods. Furthermore, mathematical models demonstrate the singularity of our work in comparison to current literary materials and even describe some results using the classic Peyrard–Bishop model. All the established results contribute to the possibility of extending the approach to solve other nonlinear equations of fractional space–time derivatives in nonlinear sciences. The strategy that has been proposed recently is specific and is being employed to produce novel closed-form solutions for all many other FNLEEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates novel explicit wave solutions of the fractional Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation and the fractional Zakharov–Kuznetsov–Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (ZKBBM) equation. These models are used as gravity models in water and an interaction model between the long waves. The Atangana–Baleanu ( ℬ ℛ) fractional operator is utilized for the first time to convert the fractional form of both models into nonlinear partial differential equations with an integer order. The extended simplest equation method is employed to construct some distinct types of solitary wave solutions such as exponential, rational, hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. For more illustration of our obtained solutions, some figures for them are given. The power and practical properties of the used method are tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the conservation laws, significant symmetries' application, and traveling wave solutions are obtained for Burger–Fisher equation (BFE). Conservation laws have a great importance for partial and fractional differential equations and their solutions, especially in physics implementations. The conservation theorem and partial Noether approach are implemented for conservation laws for this equation, and the extended sinh-Gordon expansion method (esGEM) is presented for new solitary wave solutions. All obtained conservation laws are trivial conservation laws. The new and comprehensive solitary wave solutions of the equation by the esGEM are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convection–dispersion equation has always been a classic equation for studying pollutant migration models. There are certain deviations in scientific research because of the existence of the impurity of the medium and the nonsmooth boundary. In this paper, we introduced the one-dimensional convection–dispersion equation with fractal derivatives in fractal space, and established the fractal variational formula of the equation through the semi-inverse method. The fractal variational formula we have obtained can provide the conservation laws in an energy form in the fractal space and possible solution structures of the given equation. An analytical solution is obtained through the two-scale transform method and Laplace transform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incompressible fluids are studied in such disciplines as ocean engineering, astrophysics and aerodynamics. Under investigation in this paper is a (3 + 1) -dimensional Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli (BLMP) equation in an incompressible fluid. Based on the known bilinear form, BLMP hybrid solutions comprising a lump wave, a periodic wave and two kink waves, and hybrid solutions comprising a breather wave and multi-kink waves are derived. We observe the interaction among a lump wave, a periodic wave and two kink waves. Fission of a kink wave is observed: A kink wave divides into a breather wave and three kink waves. On the contrary, we see the fusion among a breather wave and three kink waves: The breather wave and three kink waves merge into a kink wave. Finally, we observe the interaction among a breather wave and four kink waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]