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Objective To evaluate the lateral semicircular canal high frequency vestibulo-oculomotor reflex (LSC HF VOR) in children with cochlear implant. Methods 16 children (10 females and 6 males, age range = 5–17 years) receiving a unilateral (n = 12) or a bilateral (n = 4) cochlear implant were included and compared to a control group of 20 age-matched normal-hearing (NH) children. Both implanted and NH children received a vestibular function test battery, including a Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) gain assessment by means of a video-Head Impulse Test (vHIT), which represented the main outcome measure. In implanted subjects, vHIT was measured on both sides in the “CI-ON” and “CI-OFF” conditions. Results Overall, no significant LSC HF VOR gain difference was found between CI users and NH peers. In the unilaterally implanted group, the LSC HF VOR gain measured in the “CI-ON” condition was significantly higher than in the “CI-OFF” condition, both in the implanted and in the non-implanted ear. In the bilaterally implanted group there was no such a difference between the two conditions, on either side. Conclusion This is the first study investigating the LSC HF VOR gain in children with unilateral and bilateral CI. The study demonstrates that the LSC HF VOR of bilaterally implanted children is comparable to normal hearing children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effects of acquired esotropia on vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain in children using video (vHIT) and functional head impulse (fHIT) tests. A total of 62 children aged 6–18 years, with acquired esotropia and normal vision, were evaluated in the study. The patients were divided into two sub-groups: accommodative and non-accommodative. VOR gains were analyzed by performing lateral canal vHIT and fHIT with monocular and binocular recordings by a single examiner. Seventeen (10 male, 7 female) children with accommodative esotropia, 24 (14 male, 10 female) children with non-accommodative esotropia, and 21 (8 male and 12 female) healthy controls were included in this study. The vHIT findings did not differ between the groups (p ˃.05). In the non-accommodative esotropia group, the location of the camera in both binocular and monocular vHIT recordings made a significant difference in the left VOR gain (p =.025, z = −2.243, p =.032, and z = −2.143, respectively), but no difference was observed in the right VOR gain. In the accommodative esotropia group, while the camera was on the left there was a significant difference in the right VOR gain between binocular and monocular recordings (p =.016, z = −2.413) but no difference was observed in the left VOR gain. No overt or covert saccade was detected in any group. The statistical differences found in vHIT and fHIT in acquired esotropia patients are thought to be sporadic and based on the results of this study no correction or change in recording technique is required for vHIT or fHIT in children with acquired esotropia. • Video and functional head impulse tests can be performed with standard methods in children with acquired esotropia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The video head impulse test (vHIT) is a diagnostic tool to examine patients experiencing dizziness by assessing the function of the semicircular canals. vHIT has been widely studied in adults but relatively less so in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the causes of dizziness and the results of vHIT in children. We also identified factors that affect the vHIT results such as artifacts and technical errors. Retrospective review; Tertiary care center. A total of 39 patients who visited our clinic for dizziness from 2014 to 2017. The gain of vestibulo-ocular reflex, refixation saccades, and artifacts were analyzed using vHIT. We analyzed 691 individual vHIT traces and categorized the artifacts into 8 categories. Twenty-three males and 16 females were included. The mean age was 13.84 ± 2.60 years (range, 7–18). Common causes of dizziness were benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (25.6%), vestibular neuritis (20.5%), and vestibular migraine (17.9%). The sensitivity and specificity of vHIT based on the bithermal caloric test results were 40% and 94%, respectively. The analysis of vHIT traces revealed that the children had higher artifact ratios of vHIT than the adults. The main artifacts were high gain and blinking eyes. The vHIT results showed a higher percentage of artifacts in children than in the adults. More careful efforts are required to obtain more accurate results during the test, and it is necessary to check for technical errors while interpreting the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vestibular Migraine in children can mimic other disorders, especially at presentation. Outcome is hard to predict and management may be challenging due to the fact that many of the patients are too young to describe their symptoms and these are not always accompanied by headache. To assess vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in pediatric patients who meet criteria for defined Vestibular Migraine and to compare results to healthy controls. Twenty-one patients aged 11–16 years were included in this prospective multicentric study. VOR was assessed using the video Head Impulse Test by EyeSeeCam®(Interacoustics, Denmark). Patients with Vestibular Migraine (VM) have higher values of gain compared to asymptomatic patients. Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) is a useful and relatively fast-to-perform examination in children compared to other vestibular tests. Patients with VM seem to have higher values of gain at vHIT. • Gain values in video Head Impulse Test are higher in pediatric patients with VestibularMigraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute vestibular syndrome is most often caused by vestibular neuritis or stroke, although demyelinating diseases may be responsible for 4% of all AVS episodes. The authors present the case of a previously healthy 17-year-old female patient complaining of spontaneous vertigo and right-sided hearing loss. Otoneurological examination suggested a peripheral vestibular cause and video head impulse test revealed a reduced vestibulo-ocular reflex gain. The presence of sensorineural hearing loss raised the suspicion of a central cause and prompted imaging evaluation. A brain MRI evidenced demyelinating lesions in the right middle cerebellar peduncle and the patient was ultimately diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]