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To evaluate the epidemiology, microbiology, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes distribution and serious bacterial infections (SBIs) occurrence in infants2 months of age with tympanocentesis-documented acute otitis media (AOM), before and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).The medical records of all hospitalized infants with AOM who underwent tympanocentesis during 2005-2014 were reviewed.Of the 303 infants with AOM who were diagnosed by an ENT specialist, 182 underwent tympanocentesis, 92 during 2005-2009 (prevaccine period) and 90 during 2010-2014 (postvaccine period). Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae were isolated in 46/92 (50%) and 37/92 (40.2%) patients during 2005-2009 and decreased to 27/90 (30%) and 21/90 (23.3%). Respectively, during 2010-2014 (P = 0.006 and P = 0.001). The proportion of culture-negative patients increased from 18/92 (19.6%) during 2005-2009 to 32/90 (35.6%) during 2010-2014 (P = 0.02). There were only 6 (3.3%) patients2 weeks of age. The most common S. pneumoniae vaccine serotypes isolated during 2005-2009 were 5, 3, 1, 19F and 14 (15.2%, 13.0%, 10.9%, 6.5%, and 4.3%, respectively) and 3, 5, 1, 14 and 19A (22.2%, 11.1%, 7.4%, 7.4%, and 7.4%, respectively) during 2010-2014. The proportion of culture-positive patients decreased during 2013-2014 compared with 2011-2012 (7/18, 38.9% vs. 40/54, 74.1%, P = 0.007). Serotypes 1 and 5 were not isolated during 2013-2014 and serotype 19A was not isolated during 2011-2014. . SBIs were recorded in 23/182 (12.64%) patients and urinary tract infections represented 19/23 (82.61%) of them (Escherichia coli isolated in 12, 63.2%).The overall number of AOM cases needing tympanocentesis seen at the PER and the proportion of S. pneumoniae and nontypeable H. influenzae-AOM decreased while the proportion of culture-negative AOM increased following the introduction of PCVs. SBIs associated with AOM were frequent and were represented mostly by urinary tract infections caused by pathogens unrelated to the etiologic agents of AOM.

To define the trends in acute mastoiditis (AM) incidence, microbiology, complications and management in children, before and after the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PVC13) introduction.Medical records of all AM patients15 years of age diagnosed during 2005-2016 were reviewed. The study years were divided into three periods: pre-vaccination (2005-2008), interim (2009-2011) and post-PCV13 vaccination (2012-2016).238 patients (53.4% males) were enrolled, 81, 56 and 101 in the 3 time periods, respectively. Overall, 177/238 (75.2%) of children were5 years of age. Mean AM incidence in the whole population was 10.32/100,000, with no changes during the study years. Ninety-three (45.6%) of 204 evaluable patients had positive middle ear fluid/mastoid cultures; S. pneumoniae (SP) was isolated in 47/93 (50.5%) cases. Mean incidence of SP-AM during the study years was 2.49 cases/100,000. A trend for decrease in mean incidence of SP-AM was recorded between the pre and the post-vaccination periods (3.05/100,000 vs. 1.82/100,000, P = 0.069). Among patients5 years, SP-AM rates decreased from pre to post-vaccination period (19/50, 38% vs. 15/73, 20.6%, P = 0.034). No changes were reported in percentages of culture negative-AM and of AM complications in the post-PCV13 period compared with the pre-vaccine period. A significant decrease in distribution of PCV13 serotypes was recorded (17/19, 89.5% vs. 8/12, 66.6% and vs. 7/16, 43.75% during the 3 study periods, P = 0.015) accompanied by a complementary increase in non-vaccine serotypes.The introduction of PCV13 was accompanied by a significant decrease in SP-AM cases among children5 years of age. PCV13 serotypes decreased significantly as etiologic agents of SP-AM while non-vaccine serotypes and culture negative-AM became more common in the postvaccination period.

Objectives To update the medical literature on recent large-scale studies employing bioinformatics data analysis tools in otitis media (OM) disease models with a principal focus on developments in the past 5 years. Data sources Pubmed indexed peer-reviewed articles. Review methods Comprehensive review of the literature using the following search terms: ‘genomics, inflammasome, microRNA, proteomics, transcriptome, bioinformatics’ with the term ‘otitis media’, and ‘middle ear’. Included articles published in the English language from January 1, 2015–April 1, 2019. Implications for practice Large scale bioinformatics tools over the past five years lend credence to the paradigm of innate immune response playing a critical role in host defense against bacteria contributing to Otitis Media (OM) progression from acute to chronic. In total, genomic, miRNAomic, and proteomic analyses all point to the need for a tightly regulated innate immune and inflammatory response in the middle ear. Currently, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapeutic strategies to control immunopathology and tissue damage, improve hearing and enhance host defense for both acute and chronic OM based on full understanding of the basic molecular pathogenesis of OM.