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The term, 'head and neck cancer' is commonly used for many uncommon and infrequent types of cancer for which anatomical lesions generally arise in oral cavity (lip, gum and tongue having ICD 10 codes C00-06) Salivary glands (C07-C08) Throat (pharynx C09-C14), Larynx (C32), nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses (C31-C31). Cancer of salivary glands, sarcomas and lymphomas are less frequent types of head and neck cancers. SCCHN accounts about 4% of all types of malignancies. Globally, it ranks 6th but in Pakistan it is 2nd most common malignancy. Complete head and neck examination, biopsy, chest imaging, Computed tomography (CT), Positron emission tomographycomputed tomography (PET-CT) are most commonly used diagnostic tools for evaluation of head and neck carcinoma. Different treatment options for the management of Head and neck cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combination of these curative therapies. Radiotherapy of head and neck cancer produces oral complications by causing serious injuries to the salivary glands, mucosa of oral cavity and taste buds. This review briefly explain the types of head and neck cancer, its aetiology, staging, incidence rate in Pakistan and various treatment options as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the drugs are used by oral route. This is most convenient for the patient. Some time it is difficult for the children to take medicine by conventional form like tablets, syrup. Chewing gum form is most attractive form of dosage which can take by oral route and all, the people specially like to chew this type of dosage form. This system is convenient, easy to administer for anyone with pleasant taste. This is one of the novel drug delivery system containing different ingredients and this is very suitable for the drug which has great absorption in the buccal cavity. and this dosage form can be used for the local treatment of the buccal cavity. Chewing gum is the convenient and effective means of rapidly administering fomotidine, as it is readily soluble, permeable and used to relieve symptoms of acidity. In this study medicated chewing gum of famotidine has been developed by using of sorbitol, maganesium sterate, menthol, gum base and sugar. This chewing gum was formulated by the direct compression method. There are different concentrations of base gum and PEG 6000 used. In this formulation PEG 6000 is used as a plasticizer and gives great release profile of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of sterile areas is a concerned issue in pharmaceutical companies, it is very hard to overcome these issues if you want to get aseptic environment. Bioburden increases in a manner that microorganism travels along with dust particle and these particle destroys the aseptic environment. There are different sources through which contamination can occur in aseptic environment but the main source is the airborne particles. The predictable bacteriological value of the product can be assessed by process repetition by the containers used for filling with bacteriological medium. On the other hand, these tests are not much sensitive to indicate the level of contamination particles below 1000 and these tests are also limited in number. This paper includes the discussion about the procedure to control the contamination and the means of contamination through airborne particle of aseptic room. The discussion includes the counting of CFU by plate exposure method and fill trial test to check the level of contaminating microorganism in aseptic environment. The confidence must be found in the methods to calculate the contaminants if they are to be adopted. The methods used currently in our pharmaceuticals are lack of accuracy and they are suggested to be improved to enhance their accuracy. The company's financial ability, reputation and license to manufacture is seriously affected by contamination in aseptic area. To guarantee the proper and validated monitoring of environmental to detect contaminants, regulatory GMP codes for the manufacturing of human as well as veterinary products aseptically are provided that show the frequency of sterility failure. Autoclave, driers, Ethylene Oxide and irradiation, either with Cobalt 60 Gamma or with E Beam affects the stability of the drug filled in aseptically. Therefore the product that are either biological or pharmaceutical or it may be biotechnological product all are filled in aseptic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdermal drug delivery systems are becoming more popular in the field of advance pharmaceutics. There are many types of TDDS in the modern pharmaceutics, but the most attractive type for research is transdermal patches. The present study was carried out to develop matrix type transdermal patches containing Diazepam with Propylene glycol 10% is used as plasticizer and it can be act as chemical enhancer & Ethanol 10% is used as permeation enhancer. The adheser is used HPMC or EC which are most common. The possible drug(API) and polymer interactions were studied by FTIR studies and solubility of the ingredients in inert solvent. Designed transdermal patches were evaluated with regard to physicochemical characteristics.formulated patches were thoroughly studied for in-vitro permeation and stability. All data is convert in the form of graphs. All the formulated patches showed good physical stability. The sustain release action is determined by the dissolution study. The in-vitro permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphoma is the most common blood cancer. The two main forms of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma and non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Lymphoma occurs when cells of the immune system called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow and multiply uncontrollably. Among all types of blood cancers, lymphoma is the most common one. Hodgkin and Non Hodgkin lymphoma are the two major forms of lymphomas. DLBCL is the most frequent type of NHL in which B lymphocytes have potential to grow and proliferate abnormally. Lymph node and outside of the lymphatic system are main arising points for development of DLBCL. Large mass of B cells, B symptoms and extranodal sites are the main features of DLBCL. In Pakistan (2008) DLBCL reaches to an epidemic proportion. WHO had classified the DLBCL according the involvement sites. This study briefly describes the prognostic indicators, possible risk factors and prevalence of DLBCL (NHL) in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]