Search

Purpose: The impact of financial inclusion on economic growth is a topic that is generating widespread interest among researchers and practitioners. In this paper, the authors review the existing literature to highlight the state of research in the literature and identify new opportunities for innovative research. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used a thematic literature review methodology which involves dividing the review along relevant themes. Findings: The authors find that significant research on the topic emerged in the post-2016 years. Most of the existing studies are from developing countries and from the Asian and African regions. Existing studies have not utilized relevant theories in explaining the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth. Most studies report a positive impact of financial inclusion on economic growth while very few studies show a negative impact. The most common channel through which financial inclusion affects economic growth is through greater access to financial products and services offered by financial institutions that increases financial intermediation and translates to positive economic growth. The common empirical methodology used in the literature are causality tests, cointegration and regression methods. Multiple proxies of financial inclusion and economic growth were used in the literature which partly explains the conflicting result among existing studies. The review paper concludes by identifying some directions for future research. Originality/value: This paper presents the first rigorous thematic review of the existing literature on the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth. It highlights the main approach that researchers have taken on this topic and identifies some important research areas for future investigation. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-05-2022-0339. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial inclusion (FI) and economic growth in India.Design/methodology/approach To measure FI, a multidimensional time-varying index is proposed following the Human Development Index method. The long-run relationship between FI and economic growth is examined by using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration and nonlinear ARDL approach. Further, the direction of causality is investigated by employing the Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test.Findings The linear cointegration test confirms a long-run relationship between FI and economic growth for India. The improvement in both demand-side and supply-side financial services has a positive impact on economic growth. These results suggest that India can attain long-run economic growth by improving the coverage of FI. However, there is no evidence of nonlinear cointegration, indicating that there is no asymmetric effect of FI on economic growth. Further, the causality test shows that FI granger causes economic growth but not vice versa.Research limitations/implications The major limitation of the study is the availability of time series data for all important variables. The index for both demand- and supply-side indicators can be extended with several other important variables in later date once the data are available for those variables.Practical implications As the study confirms that FI is one of the main drivers of economic growth, it is suggested that the policy maker emphasizing on financial sector reforms can enjoy economic growth in the long run, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the government and policy makers need to address the issues involved in access to financial services to spur economic growth.Originality/value The study examines the long-run relationship between FI and economic growth employing ARDL bound testing approach and nonlinear ARDL approach, separately for demand-side and supply-side indicators. Further, the study uses the Toda–Yamamoto granger causality to find the direction of causal flow between FI and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of remittances on economic growth in MENA region. More precisely this study tries first to explore the short-run and the long-run relationship between remittances and economic growth. Second, the authors address how the local financial development and institutional environment influence a country’s capacity to take advantage from remittances. Design/methodology/approach – The panel data unit-root test as well as the panel data co-integration is used for the purpose of the long-run remittances growth relationship and the IV technique with GMM option is adopted to study the short-run link. Findings – This paper provides empirical evidence that remittances have a positive effect on economic growth in the long run and a negative effect in short run. The short-run effect of remittances on economic growth is conditional. In fact, it depends in the levels of financial development and institutional quality, respectively. Practical implications – As practical implications, policy interventions, to improve the functioning of governance institutions, enforcing regulation and political stability, enhancing financial system and socio-economic environment are also crucial for increasing the benefit effects of remittances. Originality/value – The research is an extension of previous evidence in two ways; the authors have examined the long-run and short-run remittances-growth relationship in the first time. In the second time, the authors have explored the conditional remittances-growth relationship in MENA countries. Specifically, the authors have examined whether the remittances-growth nexus is affected by financial development and institutional quality levels in MENA countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the long-term impacts of health capital on economic growth in Singapore from 1980 to 2013.Design/methodology/approach Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-ECM methodology and several diagnostic and specification tests were used to estimate the impact of health capital on economic growth on time series data covering the period 1980-2013.Findings The results confirm that health capital (measure by health expenditure per capita) positively and significantly affects Singapore’s economic growth in the long run. In addition, the equilibrium error correction coefficient lagged by one in the short-run is approximately 83.25 percent for all estimated variables, implying a considerably high speed of long-term adjustment to equilibrium following a short-term shock. Moreover, the Toda-Yamamoto’s Granger causality estimation reveals that there is a unidirectional causality from health expenditure per capita to GDP per capita.Research limitations/implications The findings imply that Singapore’s economic growth could be improved significantly if expenditure on health capital is increased. This eventually would have a substantial impact on human productivity which leads to improved output per capita. Thus, policy makers and/or the government should strive to create institutional capacity to improve basic health service by strengthening the health institutions infrastructure that produces healthy and quality manpower.Originality/value Grounded on the premises that there are little or no studies on the impact of health capital on Singapore economy, this paper provides new evidence on the potential effect of health capital on Singapore’s economic growth over the last three decades. Also, this study explore the causal effect (unidirectional or bidirectional) between health capital and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of female human capital on economic growth in the Indian economy during 1970-2014.Design/methodology/approach The paper employs Ng-Perron unit root test to check the order of integration of the variables. The study also used ARDL-bounds testing approach and the unrestricted error-correction model to investigate co-integration in the long run and short run; Granger’s causality test to investigate the direction of the causality; and variance decomposition test to capture the influence of each variable on economic growth.Findings The study constructed a composite index for both male and female human capitals by taking education and health as a proxy for human capital. The empirical findings reveal that female human capital is significant and positively related to economic growth in both short run and long run, while male human capital is positive but insignificant to the economic growth; same is the case for physical capital, it implies that such investment regarding female human capital needs to be reinforced. Further, there is an evidence of a long-run causal relationship from female human capital, male human capital and physical capital to economic growth variable. The results of variance decomposition show the importance of the female human capital variable is increasing over the time and it exerts the largest influence in change in economic growth.Research limitations/implications The empirical findings suggest that the Indian economy has to pay attention equally on the development of female human capital for short-run as well as long-run growth of the economy. This implies that the policy makers should divert more expenditure for developing support for female education and health.Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to study the relationship between female human capital and economic growth in the context of the Indian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two folds: first, to analyze the long-run relationship between terrorism and key macroeconomic indicators (GDP growth, GDP per capita, inflation and unemployment) and second, to determine the direction of causality between these variables in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – The relationship between terrorism and various macroeconomic indicators is analyzed by applying Johansen cointegration analysis. Furthermore, the causality between terrorism and macroeconomic indicators is tested by applying Toda Yamamoto Granger causality test. Findings – The results show that there exists a long-run relationship between terrorism and key macroeconomic indicators. Furthermore, the results suggest that there exists a bi-directional causality between terrorism and inflation. The causality between GDP per capita, unemployment, GDP growth and terrorism is unidirectional. Originality/value – There is a lack of research work conducted to analyze the long-run relationship and direction of causation between terrorism and various macroeconomic indicators specifically for Pakistan. The current paper fills the gap in the literature by using sophisticated econometric techniques and recent data set to provide the evidence of the relationship between terrorism and various macroeconomic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between financial development indicators and human capital for Asian countries using the annual data from 1984-2013.Design/methodology/approach The stationarity of the variables are checked by Levin-Lin-Chu, Im-Pesaran-Shin, Fisher-type augmented Dickey-Fuller and Philips-Perron panel unit-root tests. The Pedroni’s and Kao’s panel co-integration approaches are employed to examine the long-run relationship among the variables. To estimate the coefficients of co-integrating vectors, both panel dynamic ordinary least squares (PDOLS) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) techniques are used. The short-term and long-run causality is examined by panel granger causality.Findings The Pedroni’s and Kao’s co-integration approaches support the existence of the long-run relationship among the indicators of financial development, economic growth and human capital. The PDOLS and FMOLS estimators revealed that both financial development indicators and economic growth variable act as an important driver for the increase in human capital. The results of panel granger causality indicate that causality runs from indicators of financial development, economic growth and public spending on education to human capital.Originality/value There is hardly any study that examine the impact of financial development indicators and economic growth on human capital in Asian economies, therefore the present study fill the research gap in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

fIran's third five-year development (2000/2001-2004/2005) has been considered a pivotal role for private investment in creating 700,000-800,000 jobs per annum to stabilise the rate of unemployment This paper examines the long- and short-run determinants of the private investment function by employing the Johansen multivariate cointegration technique and a short-run dynamic model. Using annual data for the period 1960-2000, this paper finds, inter alia, that private investment is cointegrated with non-oil gross domestic product and the rate of inflation. It is found that a 1 per cent increase in inflation in the long run can immediately result in a 1 per cent decline in investment in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study presents time-series data estimations on the association between the indicators of institutional environment and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in India utilizing a comprehensive data set from 1996 to 2021. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) model. The asymmetric ARDL framework evaluates the existence of cointegration among the factors under study and highlights the underlying nonlinear effects that may exist in the long and short run. Findings: The significance of coefficients of negative shock to "control of corruption" and positive shock to "rule of law" is greater when compared to "government effectiveness, regulatory quality, political stability/absence of violence." The empirical outcomes suggest the positive influence of rule of law, political stability and government effectiveness on FDI inflows. A high "regulatory quality" is observed to deter foreign investment. The "voice and accountability" index and negative shocks to the "rule of law" are exhibited to have no substantial impact on the amount of FDI that the country receives. Originality/value: This study empirically examines the institutional determinants of FDI in India for a comprehensive period of 1996–2021. The study's findings imply that quality of the institutional environment has a significant bearing on India's inward FDI. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-05-2023-0375 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between financial development and agriculture growth employing Cobb-Douglas function by incorporating financial development as an important factor of production over the period 1971-2011. Design/methodology/approach - The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration with structural breaks is applied to examine long run relationship between the variables. The direction of causality is detected by vector error correction method (VECM) Granger causality test and robustness of causality analysis is tested through innovative accounting approach (IAA). Findings - The empirical analysis confirmed that the series are cointegrated for long run relationship between agriculture growth, financial development, capital and labor. The results indicated that financial development has positive effect on agricultural growth. This implies that financial development plays a significant role in stemming agricultural production and hence agricultural growth. Both capital and labour in the agriculture sector also add to agricultural growth. The Granger causality analysis revealed bidirectional causality between agricultural growth and financial development. The robustness of these results is confirmed by innovative accounting approach (IAA). Practical implications - This study has important policy implications for policy-making authorities to stimulate agricultural growth by improving the efficiency of the financial sector. Originality/value - This paper convincingly argues that there is a need for case-by-case study on such a project in view of each country's unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study empirically the dynamics of crime in Turkey at aggregate and disaggregate levels and provide empirical evidence of temporal causality between crime, health, income, divorce, urbanization and security expenditures. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs bounds testing cointegration procedure, augmented causality tests and variance decompositions. Findings – The empirical results suggest the existence of cointegration amongst the variables. Augmented Granger causality tests and variance decomposition analyses indicate the different level, long-term associations between the variables. Practical implications – Conclusions drawn from this study could be useful for the policy makers and practitioners in international law organizations. Originality/value – The paper provides first-time, comprehensive, time-series evidence on the dynamics of crime in Turkey using the framework of cointegration and causality tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This study aims to provide time series evidence of the economic growth pattern of Greece and explain the hidden impact of its financial liberalization process since 1960, in terms of the links between trade and gross domestic output. Design/methodology/approach – Using time series data covering the period 1960-2009, the author estimates a vector error correction model (VECM) in order to analyze the long-run equilibrium features of proxies for openness and growth in Greece. The author further tests the relationship between financial development and economic growth using the Granger causality hypothesis. Findings – Results from regression estimates find the error correction term (ECT) to be -0.20 for the sampled data. This suggests that there is long-run convergence among financial development, trade openness and domestic output in Greece. This convergence is expected within an average of five cumulative years. Furthermore, the Granger causality test shows that there is a causal relationship between financial development and economic growth, but that financial development has no causal impact on trade in the case of Greece, which is theoretically unexpected. Research limitations/implications – The findings from this study are confined to a short sample observation of 50 years, and also to the proxies the study uses to measure openness and economic growth. Alternative measures of openness could be applied to larger sample data for future investigation on this topic. Practical implications – The author concludes that the financing of economic growth in Greece has not been productive in the industry sector, and that this might have caused the debt crisis of 2009. However, financial development remains the link between trade and growth. When the financial sector is progressive, domestic output increases, and this increase creates production surplus which can be exported. Originality/value – This paper is of value to the academic audience and policy advisers who are interested in the answer to the question "what went wrong with Greece?" The author uses econometric techniques to prove the inefficiencies of public spending in Greece and the accumulated effects of borrowing to finance growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents research papers published in the June 2004 issue of "International Journal of Social Economics." One study 'What determines private investment in Iran?" examines the long and short-run determinants of the private investment function by employing the Johansen multivariate cointegration technique and a short-run dynamic model. Another study "Prices and subsidies for Australian psychiatric services: a positive economic analysis," is an exercise in descriptive or positive economics, is concerned only with private production, i.e. those services provided by psychiatrists operating in "private practice" on a fee-for-service basis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study aims to investigate the nature of the relationship between workers' remittances and financial development (FD) in Sri Lanka for the period from 1975 to 2017. Design/methodology/approach: This study used both the exploratory data analysis and inferential data analysis (IDA) techniques to test the objective of this study. The IDA technique consisted of the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Phillips–Perron unit root tests, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds cointegration technique, the Granger causality test and impulse response function analysis. Findings: The unit root test results show that the variables are in mixed order. The empirical results of cointegration confirm that workers' remittances have a beneficial long-run relationship with FD in Sri Lanka. The Granger causality test result indicates that there is a bidirectional relationship between workers' remittances and FD. The impulse response analysis indicates that a positive shock to workers' remittance has an immediate significant positive impact on the FD of up to 10 years. Practical implications: The analytical techniques used in this study explain how workers' remittances induce FD in Sri Lanka. Originality/value: This study fills an important gap in the academic literature by using newly developed ARDL bounds cointegration techniques in Sri Lanka, by using impulse response function analysis, and by studying the dynamic relationship between workers' remittances and FD using time series data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose a framework for conceptualizing the finance-growth theory in developing economies. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a cointegration and error correction model to investigate the possible influence of key socio-political characters of a state on the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth. A developing economy (Nigeria) which had experienced decades of autocratic military governance was studied. Three characters of the state (ethnicity, civil war and military governance) were derived from a historical review and were introduced into the cointegration analysis as dummy variables. Findings – Evidence of a causal relationship was found to exist from financial development to economic growth and the characters of the state were found to have no significant impact on this relationship. Research limitations/implications – The research limitations were based on the reliability of data recorded between 1960 and 2007. Practical implications – This study is practical from the point of view of the integration of qualitative social disturbances into a quantitative model targeted at exploring the practical developmental impact these disturbances may have had and continue to have on economic growth. Social implications – The social implication of this study stems from the impact that adverse socio-political influences may have on financial development and economic growth. Originality/value – This is an original piece of research focused at understanding the unique social, political and macroeconomic circumstance of a strategically relevant developing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of real wages on labour productivity in Malaysia's manufacturing sector using annual data from 1980 to 2009. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses the Johansen cointegration test to examine the presence of long-run equilibrium relationship between labour productivity and real wages in Malaysia. In addition, the Granger causality test within the vector error-correction model (VECM) is used to ascertain the direction of causality between the variables of interest. Findings – The Johansen test suggests that real wages and labour productivity are cointegrated. Moreover, labour productivity and real wages have a quadratic relationship (i.e. inverted U-shaped curve) instead of linear relationship. Hence, the effect of real wages on labour productivity is non-monotonic. Furthermore, the Granger causality test indicates that real wages and labour productivity are bilateral causality in nature. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the labour productivity in the manufacturing sector only. Originality/value – This study demonstrates that the effect of real wages on labour productivity is non-monotonic; hence increase in real wages alone does not always enhance labour productivity. Thus, other incentives should be offered to stimulate long-term labour productivity growth in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The main purpose of this study is to examine the dynamic relationship between tourist arrivals, inflation, unemployment and crime rates in Malaysia. This study covered the annual data from 1970 to 2008. Design/methodology/approach - The multivariate Johansen-Juselius cointegration test is employed to examine the potential long-run equilibrium relationship. While the Granger causality test within the vector error-correction modelling (VECM) framework is applied to determine the causal relationship between crime rate and its determinants. Findings - The Johansen-Juselius cointegration test result reveals that the variables are cointegrated and the dynamic ordinary least squares estimator suggest that unemployment, inflation and tourist arrivals are positively related to crime rates in Malaysia. For Granger causality, in the long-run tourist arrivals, inflation and unemployment rates Granger cause crime rate in Malaysia. However, in the short run we find bilateral causality between unemployment, crime and tourist arrivals. Finally, the variance decompositions and impulse response functions analyses implied that unemployment, inflation and tourist arrivals are important in explaining the variation in crime for Malaysia. Originality/value - The estimated crime rate function for Malaysia demonstrated that promoting supply-side economy and also increases the numbers of police and patrolling duties in the potential crime areaswill reduce the crime rate inMalaysia and in the same time attract more tourist arrivals to Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]