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This paper proposes a novel seismic demand hazard model conditional on the separation distance between two adjacent buildings to fully explore the possibility of seismic pounding occurrence between buildings during their design life. The model uses an exponential function with two model parameters estimated through a two-point approach to yield an explicit expression for deriving a Seismic Demand Hazard Curve (SDHC) for adjacent buildings. The resulting SDHC provides a basis for seismic pounding risk assessment of adjacent buildings with a specific separation distance and a design tool for the risk-targeted separation distance between buildings. To verify the model, this paper compares the SDHCs derived for six pairs of adjacent buildings having different heights and natural period combinations with corresponding numerical simulation results. The results show that the SDHCs derived from the model, within the engineering interest range, closely agree with numerical simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel method for analyzing the vibration characteristics of planar frame structure composed of straight beams with arbitrary shapes. The method is based on the first-order shear theory, which takes into account the shear deformation and cross-sectional rotational inertia of the beams. On the one hand, an improved Fourier series method (IFSM) is employed to approximate the displacement function of the straight beam, and the displacements are determined by using the Rayleigh–Ritz method. On the other hand, the displacements of the curved beam are obtained by using the finite element method (FEM), which are then combined with the IFSM for the analysis of coupled nodes of straight and curved beams. This results in a computational method for calculating the vibration characteristics of complex planar frame structures with concentrated masses, straight and curved beams, arbitrary boundary conditions, and any connection form of nodes. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical examples, including planar frame structure with arbitrary shapes composed of straight beams, different cross-sectional shapes, and combinations of beam with various cross-sectional shapes, as well as planar frame structures with straight and curved beams. The results of the proposed method are validated by comparing them with those obtained from literature or finite element software ABAQUS. The numerical examples show that the proposed method combining the IFSM with FEM has the advantages of high accuracy, good convergence, and strong applicability for calculating the vibration characteristics of planar frame structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Π -shaped open section girder is a very common section, which has been widely used in the construction of modern bridges. However, compared with a streamlined box girder, it is easy to cause vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in bridges due to its bluff section shape and poor aerodynamic stability. In this paper, a typical open section with a height–width ratio of 10:1 is taken as the research object. Through wind tunnel tests and numerical simulation technology, the time-history data of VIV of the Π -shaped section are obtained. By selecting three different neural network models to establish the relationship between external parameters (wind attack angle, wind speed, turbulence) and structural response parameters (the onset wind speed of VIV, the length of the lock-in interval). After comparing different machine learning methods, the most suitable machine learning model is selected to predict the VIV response characteristics of the main girder. The research results show that the typical open section has a serious VIV phenomenon. The BP neural network model has the best performance in predicting the VIV performance of the open section in terms of calculation speed, prediction accuracy and solving nonlinear adaptability. At the same time, it is found that different characteristic parameters of the incoming wind field have different influences on the prediction results of the VIV response. Among them, the wind attack angle is the key parameter that affects the onset wind speed of VIV, but the turbulence intensity has a greater impact on the maximum amplitude of VIV. At the same time, the optimized BP model can predict the characteristic parameters of VIV response under unknown wind fields. This paper provides a new idea to study the effect of different incoming flow parameters on the performance of section VIV and further improves people's understanding of VIV system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of long-span bridges continues to grow, wind-induced vibration issues have become increasingly intensified. Among them, flutter is a serious wind-induced vibration that can lead to bridge collapse. To address this problem, this paper proposes inerter-based dampers as a solution for flutter control and compares their performance to traditional tuned mass dampers (TMDs). Firstly, eight distinct inerter-based dampers were proposed, based on various combinations of mass-inerter-spring-damper (MISD) components. Secondly, the equations of motion of the bridge-MISD system were derived based on the two-mode coupled flutter theory and the mechanical impedance analysis method. Thirdly, the flutter control performance of the eight proposed MISDs is examined using a simply supported beam, with the six better-performing dampers further evaluated using the Jiangyin Bridge. The results show that inerter-based dampers can effectively improve the critical flutter wind speed of bridges, with performance sensitive to frequency. Additionally, incorporating an inerter decreases the static displacement of the mass block, while increasing the mass of MISD and the distance between the damper and the section center improves flutter control performance. The optimal spring stiffness ratios for the six MISDs are identified, largely dependent on the damper's inertance and mass. In conclusion, this paper offers a promising solution to addressing flutter in long-span bridges and provides insights into the design and optimization of inerter-based dampers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a semi-analytical technique based on Taylor's series method namely DTM has been used to solve the differential equation which governs the motion of three types of annular FGM plates. The differential equation has been obtained using Hamilton principle and classical plate theory. The mechanical properties of the plate (Young's modulus and density) are considered to be graded in thickness direction and vary following the power-law. The behaviour of volume fraction index and radii ratio has been investigated onto first three modes of frequency parameter for all three plates. Moreover, the novelty of this paper is the application of the versatile technique DTM to study the effect of radii ratio and volume fraction index on three different types of annular FGM plates. A comparison has been made between the obtained numerical results and the results are available in the literature. A good agreement of the results verifies the accuracy of the present technique. Three-dimensional mode shapes for all three plates are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridge damage detection has attracted much attention recently. Most studies on damage detection of the high-speed railway (HSR) bridge neglect the effect of the interlayer connection between the railway track and bridge. This paper proposes a damage detection method for the HSR bridge using response-based sensitivity analysis of high-speed trains. The HSR bridge is modeled as a spatial track–bridge system, in which the fasteners, sleepers and track slabs are modeled as one viscoelastic layer. The responses of multiple vehicles are merged to overcome the critical issue that the length of response data recorded by a high-speed vehicle moving over the bridge is too short to perform the sensitivity analysis. Numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed method is capable to detect damages of the track–bridge system with different train speed, car-body mass, irregularity grade and the interlayer connection properties. By using the signal merging method and the averaged response from multiple train trips, the proposed method is robust to high speed and measurement noise. The damage on the bridge beam and the interlayer connection can be well-identified. It is also found that increasing the car-body mass, damping ratio of the track–bridge system, damping coefficient of interlayer connection could improve the efficiency of damage detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vortex shedding at the tail of a high-speed train changes the aerodynamic characteristics of the train, which affects the safety and stability of train operation. This paper takes CR400AF as the research object, and uses dynamic monitoring points to realize the whole process monitoring of the flow field at the tail of the train running in open air and in tunnel for the first time. The wake of the train in different infrastructure scenarios is analyzed by the proper orthogonal decomposition method. The study found that the wake vortex structure is quite different when the train runs in different scenarios, and the turbulent kinetic energy intensity of the wake in tunnel is higher than that of the open air running. Modal decomposition method can identify flow structures that have a large impact on train aerodynamics. Through frequency analysis, it is found that the modal frequency obtained from the decomposition is higher when running in open air than when running in tunnel. With the increase of train speed, the modal strouhal number increases when the train is running in open air, and decreases when the train runs in tunnel. After the train enters the tunnel, the reverse movement of the air around the train body suppresses the development and separation of the boundary layer, which is the main reason for the low frequency of wake vortex shedding in tunnel. The stability of the train running in tunnel is worse than that when running in open air, which is closely related to the more complex flow structure around the car body and the drastic change of aerodynamic force when running in the tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the harsh working environments of certain bridges, the bridge structural health monitoring systems (SHMs) are prone to error warning because of anomaly data. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately classify and locate the anomaly data for effectively addressing these issues. This paper proposes a method for classifying and locating anomaly data utilizing one-dimensional monitoring data based on convolutional neural networks. Compared to previous research reliant on visual features, the proposed method has lower computational costs. By incorporating the anomaly data localization network, manual localization operations for data restoration are replaced. The analysis in this paper is based on monitoring data from a large-span cable-stayed bridge, along with artificially generated anomaly data. The two neural network frameworks proposed in this paper are trained and validated, showcasing precise classification and localization of anomaly data. Furthermore, the paper discusses the impact of common errors in labeling data categories and locating training samples in practical operations. The results demonstrate that even in the presence of noticeable yet non-extreme labeling errors in the training set, the proposed method still achieves accurate classification and localization, highlighting its robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a three-dimensional dynamic model of a dual-cable winding hoisting system is presented to simulate and analyze its coupled vibrations. The equations of motion of this system are derived based on a substructure method and Lagrange's equations of the first kind, in which the longitudinal–torsional coupled mechanical characteristics of the hoisting cables are considered. Longitudinal and transverse natural frequencies of the system are obtained and studied, and its dynamic responses due to some assumed displacement excitations are calculated. Numerical results agree well with those from ADAMS simulation, and the results have shown that longitudinal and transverse resonances are inevitable, but the transverse resonance has little effect on the conveyance; Slow longitudinal excitations should be avoided, thus avoiding the first-order longitudinal resonance since the system longitudinal vibration is dominated by its first-order mode; the torque in the hoisting cable is mainly induced by its tension under longitudinal–torsional coupled mechanical characteristics of the cable, and a torque release device is suggested to protect the hoisting cable from torsion failure; Torsional and transverse vibrations of the conveyance are been well restricted by the guiding cables even when the guiding cable pre-tension is zero. The results of this paper can be used to improve the parameter design of the ultra-deep shaft hoisting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a theoretical model for analyzing the stochastic vibration responses of functionally graded three-stage conical–cylindrical combined shell structure (FG-TSCCCSS) subjected to various stationary stochastic excitations. The theoretical model is established by employing the differential quadrature method in conjunction with pseudo excitation method (PEM) in the framework of FSDT. The material property parameters of FG-TSCCCSS along the thickness direction are ascertained based on four-parameter power–law distributions in terms of volume fractions of constituents of FGMs. The FG-TSCCCSS mainly consists of three conical shell segments with different tapers and one cylindrical shell segment. The coupling between adjacent shell segments is achieved by means of common nodes. The various boundary conditions of FG-TSCCCSS are simulated by applying the penalty function method. Based on the above model, the convergence analysis of the established model for determining the value of the penalty factor and the number of differential quadrature nodes first. Then, the precision and reliability of the proposed numerical model are verified by comparing the present solutions with the results of literature works and finite element software. Finally, the stochastic vibration response analysis of FG-TSCCCSS is carried out by investigating the influences of power–law distribution, power–law exponent, boundary condition, stochastic excitation type and taper angle on the natural frequency and PSD acceleration response of FG-TSCCCSS. The paper can provide the theoretical reference and numerical tool for the random vibration response evaluation of combined shell structures of various engineering application fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel numerical method for investigating the dynamic stability of a flutter panel exposed to a supersonic gas flow and a fluctuating axial excitation force. Initially, the system equation of motion was derived using Lagrange’s equation, where the first two modes are coupled Mathieu–Hill equations with damping, constituting a system of linear second-order differential equations with periodically variable coefficients. Subsequently, a new numerical method was proposed to analyze the dynamic stability of coupled Mathieu–Hill equations with damping. This method involves breaking down an arbitrary parametric load into discrete segments to approximate the variable excitation function using a step function. The system responses of each segment are then accumulated in matrix form. The proposed numerical method proves particularly effective for dynamic systems whose parameters cannot be treated as small. In practical application, the method allows the construction of instability regions corresponding to natural frequencies, subharmonics, and combination frequencies. Dynamic stability diagrams were generated based on dynamic pressure ratio, air/panel density ratio, Mach number, panel thickness—length ratio, and excitation frequency. The results demonstrated general agreement with those obtained through Hsu’s perturbation method, however, our numerical results have proven more accurate. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for suppressing panel flutter through appropriate parameter combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An epoxy-based metamaterial plate structure with local resonance is designed in this paper. The bandgap of the bending wave ranges from 36.46Hz to 110.55Hz. Through the optimization design of the oscillators in the plate structure, the starting bandgap moves to 19.79Hz, and the band gap width is 72Hz. The dispersion curve and frequency response function were calculated by finite element method (FEM). On this basis, the plane wave expansion method formula of the structural model was derived, and the equivalent model of spring-mass model was established. The results show that the calculation results of the three methods of the epoxide metamaterial plate structure were basically consistent, and the correctness of these methods was verified mutually. The methods derived in this paper bring great convenience and diversity to the application of plate structure. The article proposes a low-frequency wide bandgap thick plate structure model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse effect of near-fault ground motion has asevere threat to high-speed railway train running on bridge. Current research generally relies on numerical simulation and lacks physical test data. In this paper, a scale indoor physical test of high-speed train running on bridge is conducted and dynamic characteristics of high-speed railway train–track–bridge system under near-fault pulse-type ground motion are explored. The bridge of the physical test is excited by shaking table with lateral inputs of near-fault pulse-type ground motion, pulse-free ground motion and far-field ground motion. A corresponding numerical model is established and validated by the test data. Then, the influence regularities of pulse effect on system dynamic response and running safety indexes are explored under different peak ground acceleration (PGA) and train speeds using data of the physical tests and the numerical simulation comprehensively. Results suggest that compared to the near-fault pulse-free ground motion and the far-field ground motion, the near-fault pulse-type ground motion leads to larger lateral beam displacement, lateral train acceleration, and running safety indexes in different degrees. And from the data results of this paper, its lateral wheel–rail force and derailment coefficient are the first to break through the limit values. By studying the parameter sensitivity of lateral train acceleration, it was found that under the near-fault pulse-type ground motion, the lateral train acceleration is significantly more sensitive to changes of train speed and PGA. From the perspective of energy, the near-fault pulse-type ground motion results in spectrum intensity (SI) indexes which are larger and improve faster with the increase of PGA than other ground motions. This indicates that it inputs significantly more energy into the high-speed railway train–track–bridge system, although it may not excite larger lateral beam acceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the dynamic equation of a rigid body coupled with two flexible beams was established, considering the rotational motion of the rigid body and the elastic deflection of the flexible beams. The coupling effect between the rigid body rotation and flexible beam vibration was studied in detail. The dynamic response of the flexible beam with piezoelectric effect was established based on Hamilton’s principle. Under the premise of ignoring the nonlinear vibration coupling term of flexible beams, only the first two modes of transverse displacement and one directional rotation motion were studied in case studies. It was found that the coupling term caused by rigid body rotation can slightly alter the natural frequency and amplitude of flexible beams, mainly reflected in the first-order mode. With increasing the external excitation on the rigid body, the induced transverse displacement at the tip of the flexible beam increased significantly. Meanwhile, when the flexible beam was under external excitation, the vibration could also induce rigid body rotation. With the inverse piezoelectric effect, one may actively actuate the flexible beam vibration and rigid body rotation or control the undesired motion of the system. The control effect can be adjusted by varying the applied voltage excitation on the piezoelectric patches as well as patch positions. The conclusions drawn from this study can be applied to active precise control of space facilities such as satellites. Based on the dynamic modeling of rigid–flexible multi-body systems, this paper completed the study of the coupling effects of rigid body rotation and flexible body vibration, and proposed an application idea for completing small-angle maneuvers of rigid–flexible multi-body systems through piezoelectric control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an efficient, environmentally friendly, and economical urban public transportation tool, the subway has significant advantages compared to other urban public transportation tools and plays an irreplaceable role in the urban rail transit system. While the subway brings many conveniences to people, its operation has also brought a series of problems to urban development and residents’ lives, especially the vibration and noise problems generated by the subway have become unavoidable and urgent problems to be solved. The traditional wave barriers have a certain effect on attenuating and suppressing the vibration generated by the subway, but it has shortcomings in terms of the width and quantity of elastic wave bandgap (BG), so its application in low-frequency vibration reduction and isolation of subway systems is greatly limited. In order to broaden the elastic BG width and quantity of the wave barrier, this paper designs a novel phononic-like crystal subway wave barrier (PLCSWB) for subway vibration isolation based on locally resonant theory. Firstly, the dispersion curves of the novel PLCSWB are calculated using the improved plane wave expansion method and finite element method (FEM), and compared with the dispersion curves of traditional phononic crystal (PC) wave barriers. Secondly, the frequency response function of the novel PLCSWB is calculated using FEM to evaluate its attenuation effect on vibration, and the energy distribution characteristics at its BG boundary are analyzed. Then, the main factors affecting the BG of the novel PLCSWB are analyzed, and a spring–mass system equivalent model of the novel PLCSWB is established to theoretically estimate its BG range. Finally, the vibration data of the tunnel wall monitored on site are used to analyze and verify the vibration isolation effect of the novel PLCSWB. The results show that the novel PLCSWB opens five low-frequency BGs in the 200Hz frequency band, which increased the total width of the opened BGs by 49% compared to traditional PC wave barriers. In the frequency range of the BG, the attenuation value of the novel PLCSWB to vibration is mostly above 30dB, and the energy distribution inside the structure is mainly concentrated in the primitive cell that controls the BG, indicating good attenuation and control effects on vibration. The main factors affecting the BG of the novel PLCSWB are the density of the scatterer material, the elastic modulus, and the thickness of the wrapping layer material. Moreover, during subway operation, the novel PLCSWB has a good attenuation effect on the vibration transmitted from the tunnel wall to the soil. Among them, the maximum vibration acceleration amplitude of the novel PLCSWB with nine rows is reduced by 47%, and the vibration isolation performance is remarkable. The relevant research results of this paper provide a novel approach and method for the study of subway vibration reduction and isolation, and can also provide specific references for the design and development of wave barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the problem of obtaining a given dynamic behavior of simply supported bridge beams from the impact of rolling stock. Resonant vibrations of beams become a reality at high speeds if the train is formed of identical cars, which is typical for passenger trains. The phenomenon of suppression of beam vibrations by a train, known from publications, is possible only with an exact ratio of the length of the car and the beam. This significantly reduces the possibilities of choosing the necessary spans of beams. Consideration of issues of interaction in the "bridge–track—train" system for security purposes requires the involvement of a rather complex mathematical apparatus and appropriate software. The paper proposes a new method for determining the specified dynamic behavior of bridge beams, suitable for any spans and available to engineers at the stage of pre-design assignment of dynamic parameters of beams. The requirements that are necessary and sufficient conditions for preventing the resonance of bridge beams on the HSR are determined. At the same time, it does not require the involvement of software based on a complex mathematical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stationary random response characteristics of irregular quadrilateral plates under the base acceleration excitation are investigated in this paper. The computational model chosen in this paper is functionally graded graphene platelet reinforced composites (FG-GPLRC). Simultaneously, the material parameters are calculated employing the modified Halpin–Tsai model. A unified dynamic model based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is proposed for FG-GPLRC irregular plates, where the displacement variables are considered as the first kind Chebyshev polynomials combined with coordinate transformation. The Chebyshev–Ritz method is utilized to derive the kinetic equations of irregular quadrilateral plates, and then the pseudo-excitation method (PEM) is employed to solve the stationary stochastic response of the system under the base acceleration excitation. The free vibration and stationary stochastic response of the plates under various boundaries are validated by a sufficient number of numerical studies, and the computational results display a favorable match with the published literature and finite element method (FEM), which verifies the correctness and reliability of the present method. Finally, a detailed parametric analysis of the stationary stochastic response characteristics of FG-GPLRC irregular quadrilateral plates is presented. The effects of various mass fractions, number of layers, geometric dimensions of GPL, and boundary constraints on the stationary stochastic vibration behaviors of FG-GPLRC irregular quadrilateral plates are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach to enhance the energy absorption (EA) of honeycombs in the out-of-plane direction. Inspired by the Koch fractal, a fractal hexagonal honeycomb (FHH) is presented in this paper. In our study, we use Abaqus/Explicit to build a finite element model of the honeycomb, through which we conduct a series of studies on the performance of this honeycomb. Initially, we compare the mechanical properties and deformation modes of the FHH with those of a conventional hexagonal honeycomb. The results demonstrate notable improvements in crashworthiness metrics for the FHH, including a 52% increase in specific EA, a 45% enhancement in crushing load efficiency (CLE), and an 8% reduction in peak crushing force (PCF) compared to the conventional counterpart. Subsequently, this paper investigates the fractal arc honeycomb and evaluates the effect of the center angle on mechanical properties by varying its value. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of layered honeycomb and fractal honeycomb structures with different wall thicknesses are systematically examined. In the last section, we explore the theoretical analysis of the fractal-hexagonal honeycomb and find that the results of the theoretical analysis are in good agreement with those of the simulation, indicating that the experimental simulation results are reliable. Overall, the findings of this study offer valuable insights for the innovative design of hexagonal honeycomb structures, providing a reference for future advancements in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel analytical solution for the buckling load in 3D of columns that fills a gap in the existing literature by accounting for shear deformation and spatial effects. The latter means that a column can be supported and buckle in any direction. We build on the foundational work of Simo and use a 3D beam model to derive a set of equations that form the basis for our analytical solution. The paper outlines the axioms of the Simo model, presents the corresponding equations, and describes the linearization procedure in details. By linearizing the equations we obtain a set of algebraic equations with boundary conditions, which we manipulate into an analytical solution for the buckling load. An illustrative example using a column with an elliptical cross-section shows how different boundary conditions and the spatial orientation of the column influence the buckling load. This research work not only contributes to the verification of numerical programs, but also provides engineers with a valuable tool for optimizing structural configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the free vibration of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates supported by different boundary conditions and influenced by a three-parameter viscoelastic foundation and hygro-thermal changes. Three types of FGM sandwich plates are studied and discussed, in which the FGM layers vary according to the power law rule and consist of ceramic and metal materials. An efficient and simple four-variable integral higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is employed to model the analytical solution of the considered problem. Hamilton principle is implemented to obtain the plates' governing equations and to derive the eigenvalue equation for the free vibration study. The model is verified by comparing numerical results with previous studies on the vibration of exponentially graded plates. New results are presented in this paper showing the influences of different boundary conditions, hygro-thermal changes, viscoelastic parameters, vibration modes, material exponents, and geometric dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further expand the application range of cold-formed steel (CFS) members in practical engineering, a novel fold-fastened multi-cellular steel wall (FMSW) was introduced and investigated in detail. The FMSWs were mechanically connected by the hook-shaped and groove-shaped regions at both ends of the single limb members, by which the assembly efficiency was greatly improved. In this paper, a total of 10 slender FMSW specimens were subjected to axial compressive loadings, and the failure mode, load–vertical displacement curves, load–lateral displacement curves, and bearing capacity of the specimens were obtained. According to the experimental results, the development and failure modes of the local-global interactive buckling of FMSWs were revealed. All specimens experienced local buckling initially, followed by global buckling, and ultimately interactive buckling. The load–displacement curves exhibited similar trends, being characterized by three stages: the elastic stage, the elastic-plastic stage, and the descending stage. Furthermore, the nonlinear ascending segment was short, indicating that the failure was sudden. By comparing the bearing capacities among specimens, it was recognized that the ultimate resistance of FMSWs could be obtained by the superposition of the cells, and the bearing capacity was rarely affected by the height-to-thickness ratio. Based on the experimental results, refined finite element (FE) models were established and the accuracy and effectiveness of the modeling method were verified. Valuable reference could be provided by the research achievements of this paper for the subsequent research of CFS built-up members and their application in practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the poor transient convergence and real-time performance of the horizontal vibration state variables of the high-speed elevator car system, and the low control accuracy and stability, this paper proposes an adaptive control strategy to ensure the transient response of the elevator car system. First, a prescribed preset transient performance function is introduced into the controller design to control the variation range of the state variables and ensure the steady transient performance of the elevator car; Second, representing the information of observation error/control error through algebraic operations, designing an adaptive law based on e-correction, estimating unknown parameters in the elevator car system, and achieving online parameter updates; Then, using neural networks to learn and compensate for unknown dynamics in the elevator car system, and solving the online estimation problem of neural network weights through adaptive laws, so that the tracking error and weight estimation error converge to a tight set near zero; Finally, using MATLAB/SIMULINK to compare and analyze the four control algorithms of passive control, PID control, adaptive control based on gradient descent method and transient response adaptive control proposed in this paper under two different rail excitations: Random excitation and pulse excitation. The simulation results show that the adaptive control strategy proposed in this paper effectively suppresses the horizontal vibration of the elevator car, makes the state variables have faster convergence speed and smaller convergence error, and ensures the stable and transient performance of the elevator car system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents full-scale observations of wind-induced vibrations on a 140m high cylindrical reinforced concrete tower under non-stationary and strong wind conditions. The vibration responses of the tower in two planar orthogonal axes and rotation, in conjunction with wind speed and direction data, have been utilized to extract the response characteristics. The primary focus is on discussing the correlation of wind-induced responses in three components: Along-wind, across-wind, and torsion. Throughout the varying levels of oscillation, the tower’s responses clearly exhibit correlations among these components. The correlation coefficients between along-wind and across-wind responses, as well as along-wind and torsional responses, remain negligible across the entire dataset. In contrast, during intense oscillations, there is a near-perfect correlation between the across-wind and torsional responses. Furthermore, the probability density functions (PDFs) of the response components under strong wind conditions significantly deviate from the Gaussian distribution and closely resemble the Cauchy distribution. The joint PDFs also indicate that the along-wind response is statistically independent of the other response components, while the across-wind response correlates well with the torsion, as indicated by the non-Gaussian distribution. This paper also includes distinct observations regarding dominant oscillating frequencies, torsional amplitudes, and vertical vibration amplitudes. The importance of this research lies in its examination of the relationship between different response components, a crucial aspect in understanding how structures behave under wind loading. By emphasizing the need for full-scale measurements, this study aims to provide valuable validation for previous theoretical and experimental research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bouc–Wen nonlinear hysteretic model is widely used in nonlinear systems, and it is difficult to identify the parameters of Bouc–Wen model because of its high nonlinearity. In the paper, a hybrid genetic algorithm combined with sequential quadratic programming is proposed to solve the problem about the parameter identification of Bouc–Wen model. Sequential quadratic programming method has good local convergence and superlinear convergence rate. Therefore, compared with the genetic algorithm, the proposed identification method can accelerate the convergence speed in parameter recognition of Bouc–Wen model and achieve excellent recognition accuracy. Through the function test and the numerical simulation of the shear structure, it is proved that the proposed method has high convergence speed and accurate identification. In addition, the theory and method proposed in this paper are combined with Bouc–Wen model to identify parameters of overall restoring force model of the energy-dissipation structures, the identification results are in good agreement with the experimental results, verifying reliability and accuracy of the model and robustness of the proposed identification method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies electro-thermal buckling in a flexoelectric microbeam. This first-of-a-kind study focuses on two case-specific types of buckling in microbeams, which are essential to microstructures. Because of the electric fields and high temperatures in their environments, microbeams are susceptible to electro-thermal buckling more often than mechanical buckling. In addition, microstructures can exhibit flexoelectricity. As such a thorough understanding of electro-thermal bucking is extremely important. In this paper, we begin with extracting the equations governing flexoelectric microbeams from size-dependent flexoelectric theories. We then derive closed-form solutions for said equations. We explore various boundary conditions and, with respect to the load, analyze the various pre-buckling and buckling modes. Our study shows that buckling does not occur in some boundary conditions, and electrical curvature is very important in isotropic and homogeneous flexoelectric microbeams. In the end, the paper presents electro-thermal buckling results for specific boundary conditions as well the probability of buckling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of structural health monitoring, vibration-based damage identification remains a formidable challenge. Key to this challenge is the establishment of a reliable association between observed vibration characteristics and the actual state of structural damage (e.g. stiffness reduction). This association not only accurately indicates the presence of damage, but also the location and severity of the damage. To solve this complex pattern identification problem, a large number of approaches, including deep learning, have emerged in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new structural damage identification method that utilizes the vibration information of the structure and a convolutional neural network based on Alex NET improvement. The method consists of calculating the acceleration response power spectral density of damaged and undamaged structures under impact loading separately, and then making a difference between the two power spectral data, and subsequently introducing these power spectral difference data into the convolutional neural network for training. The use of power spectral density analysis as a preprocessing step converts the time-domain signals into frequency-domain signals, and this conversion allows the convolutional neural network to capture and learn from the specific frequency characteristics of the data, thus facilitating the learning process of the neural network model. In this paper, the effectiveness of the method is critically evaluated through numerical simulation and experimental validation, and 3% and 5% noise are added to the numerical study to test the robustness of the method. During the convolution neural network training process, the optimal training mean squared error (MSE) is 5 × 10−6 in the case of no noise addition; the optimal training MSE is 1.3 × 10−5 in the case of noise addition. Both the results of simulations and experiments confirm the high accuracy and good robustness of the method in localizing structural damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts the analytical investigation on the buckling of cylindrical shells with axially variable elastic modulus subjected to axial compressive load for the first time. First, it proves that the axially distributed elastic modulus can be expressed as the combination of constant and variable component. Then, governing differential equations for buckling analysis are derived and exactly solved by the combined perturbation method and Fourier analysis. Accordingly, the closed analytical solutions for the cylinder with arbitrarily variable elastic modulus are obtained, which reveal the explicit relations among buckling load, shell sizes and elastic modulus functions. Based on the presented analytical formulas, four types of elastic modulus variations for shell material which are uniform, periodic, linear and combined are studied in detail, and the results are also well verified. The derived analytical solutions in this paper can serve as benchmarks for buckling analyses of thin-walled cylinders with elastic modulus variations resulted from design, material manufacturing process, material imperfections and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical investigation of the whirl characteristics and flexural instability of a spinning functionally graded (FG) hollow beam with exponentially varying cross-section. Applying Rayleigh beam theory, the governing equation of motion of the spinning beam with eccentricity is formulated via the Hamilton principle. The dimensionless whirl frequency equation is obtained for the FG beam with pinned–pinned end supports. On the basis of the obtained model, the whirl frequency, critical spinning speed, and stability conditions of the system are studied. Also, the effects of the main parameters on the whirl characteristics and stability of the system are evaluated. Results show that the unbalanced mass is the main source of system instability. It is also shown that the whirl frequency, critical spinning speed, and stability boundaries of the system are strongly dependent on the slenderness ratio, taper parameter, gradient index, hollow ratio, and eccentricity effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracking frequently encountered in railway bridges can lead to significant changes in bridge dynamic characteristics and further dynamic performance of train–bridge interaction (TBI) system. It is desirable to develop an effective method to understand the dynamic behavior of coupled train and cracked bridge systems. This paper proposes a framework for coupled vibration analysis of train and cracked bridge systems using multiscale finite element modeling. A multiscale bridge model adopting frictional surface–surface contact to characterize nonlinear breathing phenomenon of the crack is incorporated into the three-dimensional coupled TBI model. Subsequently, a multiloop numerical solution strategy is formulated to solve the established dynamic equation of coupled train and cracked bridge systems. The proposed framework is used to analyze the cracked beams presented in the literature, and the obtained and literature data are compared. Moreover, an actual heavy-haul railway bridge is taken as an illustrative example, in which vehicle dynamic response, bridge vibration, and train running safety index are calculated considering various crack types, train speeds, and track conditions. The results show that apart from the bridge displacement and acceleration, the presence of crack can have a large influence on the vehicle acceleration response, derailment factor, and offload factor. Differences larger than ±10% in the maximum dynamic indices associated with the intact and cracked bridges are observed, indicating the necessity of considering the crack damage in train–bridge coupled dynamic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When an earthquake occurs, railway bridges will suffer from different degrees of seismic damage, and it is necessary to assess the seismic risk of bridges. Unfortunately, the majority of studies were done on highway bridges without taking into account railway bridge characteristics; hence they are not applicable to railway bridges. Furthermore, current research methods for risk assessment cannot be performed quickly, and suffer from the problems of subjective personal experience, complicated calculations, and time-consuming. This paper we use machine learning for earthquake damage prediction and empirical vulnerability curves to represent risk assessment results, creating a rapid risk assessment procedure. We gathered and tallied seismic damage data from 335 railway bridges that were damaged in the Tangshan and Menyuan earthquakes, found six variables that had a substantial impact on seismic risk outcomes, and categorized the damage levels into five categories. It is essentially a multi-classification and prediction problem. In order to solve this problem, four algorithms were tested: Random Forest (RF) Back Propagation Artiifcial Neural Network (BP-ANN), PSO-Support Vector Machine (PSO-SVM), and K Nearest Neighbor (KNN). It was found that RF is the most effective method, with an accuracy rate of up to 93.31% for the training set and 89.39% for the test set. Then this study describes the new procedure in detail for rapidly assessing seismic risk to 269 bridges chosen at random from the sample pool. Firstly, the seismic damage data of bridges are collated, then the seismic damage rating is predicted using RF, and finally the empirical vulnerability curve is drawn using a two-parameter normal distribution function for the purpose of seismic damage risk assessment. The study's findings can be used as a guide for choosing a machine learning approach and its inputs to build a rapid assessment model for railway bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the nonlinear vibration of a novel smart plate with an auxetic metamaterial core and piezoelectrically actuated multiscale hybrid nanocomposite porous layers (GPL/CF/PVDF) using Reddy's higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). Using the rule of mixture (ROM) and Halpin–Tsai model (HT), the current properties of electroelastic layers were determined. Smart plate equations are detected using Hamilton's principle, Maxwell's law, and von Karman nonlinearity terms. The generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) is then employed to discretize the governing equations of a sandwich plate for various boundary conditions. In addition, the smart plate's nonlinear frequency ratio and nonlinear natural frequency are detected using the angle of auxetic cell, the electric voltage, and the graphene nanoplatelet weight fraction. In addition, the influence of the porosity constant, the thickness of the auxetic core, and the thickness of the smart graphene-reinforced hybrid nanocomposite layer on (ω nl / ω l) and ω nl were computed and presented in each figure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the dynamics of a submerged compound pendulum (SCP). The considered pendulum consists of a horizontal cylindrical element at its lowermost portion and a plate between the cylindrical element and the pivot. An approximate analytical expression for the natural frequency of the submerged compound pendulum is proposed. Further, a two-dimensional (2D) numerical model of the pendulum is developed using ANSYS (FLUENT). The natural periods of the SCP are determined for different geometric configurations. The analytically estimated natural periods of the pendulum match well with those obtained from numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radial tires are widely used in transportation machinery, such as large aircraft, new energy vehicles, and engineering vehicles. The ring on the elastic foundation (REF) model is often used for dynamic analysis of radial tires, but the influence of elastic boundary on the dynamic characteristics of radial tires is ignored in this model. In this paper, based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) and plane stress theory, a rotating thick ring on the elastic foundation (RTREF) model is established to explore the influence of elastic boundary position and other factors on dynamic characteristics. Because existing rectangular and triangular elements in ANCF can't accurately describe radial/circumferential mesh of a thick ring, a novel ANCF-annular-sector element (AASE) is proposed for the RTREF model. By analyzing the influences of elastic boundary position, thick wall, and rotational speed on the vibration characteristics and nonlinear forced transient response of the RTREF model, it is demonstrated that even if the ring wall is thin, the influence of elastic boundary positions on the dynamic characteristics of the model can't be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modified eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and relaxation parameter is extended from a viscous damping system to a nonviscous damping system. The equation of motion with nonviscous damping in second-order form is expressed in the state space formulation. The eigenvalues of the second-order form equation are proved equal to the state space formulation. The extended method is based on the proposed nonlinear relationship between the eigenvalues and the damping parameters of a nonviscous damping system. The identified procedure of the proposed method is given in detail. Finally, the method is validated using three numerical examples for assessing its accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional first-order plastic hinge method (FPHM) utilizes the proportionality property to rapidly estimate the external load increment between any two adjacent plastic hinges, with superior computational efficiency. However, the FPHM cannot consider the influence of second-order effects and residual stresses. Although the refined plastic hinge method (RPHM) overcomes these problems, it must solve the nonlinear structural stiffness equation, resulting in low computational efficiency. In this paper, the second-order generalized plastic hinge method (sGPHM) is proposed to evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity of unbraced steel frames on the basis of using the proportionality property to estimate the external load increment. First, the element bearing ratio (EBR) that considers second-order effects and residual stresses is defined. Since the EBR and the external load are proportional, the plastic yield degree of the cross-section can be easily obtained. Then, the displacement increment and the load increment between any two adjacent plastic hinges can be rapidly estimated through the proportionality property between the EBR and the external load. Accumulating all load increments can determine the ultimate bearing capacity of frames. Finally, several benchmark frameworks in the literature are compared and analyzed with different methods to verify the superior calculation accuracy and efficiency of the proposed sGPHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation technologies are adopted to protect the long-span space structures from serious damage under the action of earthquakes. When the isolation system is applied to the space structures, both horizontal and vertical vibration control effects on the structures should be concerned. In this paper, a two-dimensional earthquake isolation and mitigation device (TEIMD) composed of a high-damping viscoelastic (VE) core pad and VE dampers is proposed. Based on the dynamic shear experiment results of the VE damper, the energy dissipation capability of VE material is preferable. Then, the nonlinear equivalent stiffness and equivalent damping ratio of the TEIMD in horizontal and vertical directions are evaluated by using the numerical simulation method. The TEIMDs are arranged on the column top of a double-layer grid structure to assess the isolation effectiveness of the novel device. The dynamic analysis results of the double-layer grid structure with and without TEIMD reveal that this novel device can significantly reduce the acceleration response of the upper grid by relying on the strong energy dissipation performances in the horizontal and vertical directions. This research also verifies the feasibility of applying the TEIMD to the double-layer grid structure, which can effectively dissipate the vertical vibration energy of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the beam under isolated and uniform loads, extending this calculation towards the structural type of the continuous beam, by means of a single expression of the elastic curve. A general expression of the bending is proposed, deduced by integrating the different differential equations of the elastica, associated to each section between discontinuities produced by the loads. In this paper, support reactions are incorporated into the load system. Therefore, the continuous beam is understood as a bar made up of sections aligned between discontinuities. With this, the isostatic beam, the hyperstatic beam and the continuous beam can be treated by means of the same integrated expression of the displacement, also called the Macaulay method. Equivalent notations are provided to the expression of bending for the cases of traction–compression and torsion, obtained through the same reasoning and sequence of operations. The formulation of elastic type and the associated operations shown allow us to cover the analysis of the generic structural form, which we can define as the beam of any number of spans, or continuous beam of n spans. The load system is also generalized, being able to contemplate loads of a different nature and form of distribution, both static and mobile. The examples that have been developed always provide analytical results of solicitation and deformation. They intend to explain the systematic path followed from the approach of the structural problem to its mathematical modelling, and the resolution procedure developed to obtain useful values for the structural verification. In these examples, an increasing degree of complexity and generalization has been followed. The expressions obtained are validated by comparing them with those that are usual in the structural literature for the same or similar problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a directly self-starting second-order s-sub-step explicit method, within which the three novel members are developed and analyzed for demonstration. The novel explicit schemes can output second-order accelerations for general structures, which cannot be achieved for the directly self-starting single- and two-sub-step algorithms. Each explicit algorithm achieves controllable algorithmic dissipation and adjustable bifurcation points. As a result, the novel explicit algorithms impose two algorithmic parameters, ρb and Ωb, to control numerical dissipation and bifurcation point, respectively. The parameter ρb, denoting the spectral radius at the bifurcation point, controls numerical dissipation, whereas the parameter Ωb, denoting the bifurcation point, adjusts the amount of dissipation imposed in the low-frequency range. This paper provides users with two recommended selections of Ωb. Apart from these desirable features, each novel explicit algorithm attains the maximum stability bound, 2 × s where s denotes the number of sub-steps. The four- and five-sub-step algorithms perform optimization to reduce numerical low-frequency dissipation. As the number of sub-steps increases, the novel explicit algorithms can have better numerical characteristics without an increase in the computational effort. Numerical examples are simulated to validate the performance and superiority of the novel explicit algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake hazards may cause a significant loss to urban hospital network system (UHNS), including hospitals and medical transportation networks. As such, systematic seismic resilience assessment of such systems is of paramount importance to reduce loss and optimize casualty care during earthquakes. For that purpose, this paper proposes a novel method for assessing the seismic resilience of UHNS that considers the logical dependencies or coupling among the system's components, such as the casualty sources, the hospitals and the medical transportation networks. A resilience index is defined as the ratio between the average "shortest" time for a casualty to receive medical treatment before and after an earthquake. The time consists of both transportation time to a hospital and queuing time at the hospital. To obtain the shortest time, a real-time simulation model is proposed that considers the casualty sources, the changes in road traffic, the updates of Origin-Destination (OD) matrix for transportation time, the modifications of waiting time in hospital, the path reselection by casualty, and the changes in functionalities of bridges, hospitals and roads. The functionalities are obtained by analyzing fragility models, calculating residual functionality and estimating functionality recovery times. To calculate the fragilities of bridges and hospitals, a refined nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis is performed based on a general FE software, OpenSees, and the damages are obtained for various structural and nonstructural components, e.g. column, stairs and CT scanner of hospitals, as well as piers, bearings and abutments of bridges. The proposed method is demonstrated in a seismic resilience assessment of a realistic UHNS in Xiamen city of China and provides valuable references to assessments of seismic resilience of UHNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper researches the free vibrations and corresponding material parameters of a functional gradient graphene platelets-reinforced composite (FG-GPLRC) cantilever torsional plates with both pore and graphene variations in the transverse direction. Utilizing the feature of closed-cell cellular solids, the mixture rule, and the modified Halpin–Tsai model, the material parameters of the composite are determined for different volume fractions of component materials. Then, using the classical plate theory (CLPT), the Rayleigh–Ritz technique and polynomials, the dynamic equation that can be used to obtain the free vibration mode shapes and frequencies of the rotating cantilever torsional plate is given. Comparison studies with the previous calculation results from available literature and the finite element (FE) models of cantilever plates are conducted, and the correctness of the present theoretical formulation and numerical calculation is verified. Finally, the effects of graphene platelet (GPL) distribution, porosity distribution (PD), GPL content, rotational speed, and average geometric size of GPL on free vibrations of the system are studied in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The woven structure made of naturally curved (in-plane) ribbons has smooth geometry and fewer geometric imperfections, but there is no study of its buckling mechanical properties under vertical loads. The aim of this paper is to investigate buckling mechanical properties of spherical woven structures. Three spherical woven structures with different ribbon types and six new spherical woven structures with different ribbon widths and thicknesses were designed and the quasi-static vertical compression tests were carried out. The buckling load of spherical woven structures were studied by nonlinear finite element and ring buckling theory. Results indicate that the failure mode of the spherical weave structure under vertical loading can be divided into two stages, where a flat contact region forms between the spherical weave structure and the rigid plate and inward dimple of ribbons. Spherical weave structures using naturally curved (in-plane) ribbon weaving have better buckling stability than those woven with straight ribbon. Based on theoretical and finite element analysis, we propose a buckling load equation and buckling correction factor equation for the new spherical weave structure under vertical compression load. The formula is validated and has good agreement with the test results, which could help to design the stability of spherical weave structures with in-plane ribbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new way to determine road profile and detect bridge damage using accelerations from a fleet of passing vehicles. Using off-bridge data, a Bayesian approach updates estimates of the road profile and vehicle properties. The profile elevations and vehicle properties are shown to be insensitive to random noise in acceleration measurements. On-bridge data, with recently updated vehicle properties, are used to estimate bridge damage. Bearing damage and local crack damage in a bridge are simulated. For bearing damage, the results show that this method can quantify the damage level of a bearing and infer other bridge properties. For local crack damage, the levels and the location of the damage are inferred from the simulated measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin-Walled Structures (TWS) play a crucial role in enhancing both the collision safety and lightweight characteristics of vehicles. Structural design and optimization have demonstrated significant potential in improving their crashworthiness and overall weight reduction. Several interconnected factors, including the cross-sectional shape and parameters of distinctive structural characteristics (known as induction grooves), impact the TWS’ resistance to collisions. Another critical aspect in the optimization of TWS design is striking the delicate balance between the surrogate model’s effectiveness and precision. Taking all these factors into account, this paper conducts an in-depth investigation into the cross-sectional shape, grooves, and other geometric attributes of various TWSs through a comparative analysis. It reveals that the thin-walled structure with a Double-Ribbed Rectangle cross-section (DR-TWS) proves to be the optimal choice, particularly in low-speed axial impact scenarios. Furthermore, we present an enhanced Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) method, augmented with an adaptive T-distribution Sparrow Search Algorithm (TSSA), referred to as the TSSA-LSSVM surrogate model. The optimized design of the DR-TWS is realized through the integration of the TSSA-LSSVM surrogate model with the adaptive hybrid multi-objective particle swarm optimization (AHMOPSO) algorithm. This paper not only provides substantial theoretical support but also offers valuable guidelines for the application of TWSs in the automotive industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important but still challenging to detect structural damage with limited instrumentation in the spatially large civil infrastructure. In this paper, a damage detection algorithm is proposed employing a global–local approach with limited sensors for detecting structural damage of spatially large civil engineering structures. The proposed algorithm is based on measuring frequency response functions (FRFs) at convenient yet selective locations on the structure with very limited sensors to localize the region of damage in the structure using the proposed global diagnostic approach. Once the local region of damage is established, local diagnostics are performed in the isolated small region of the structure using high fidelity sensing, still, a limited number of sensors in the small localized region (segment) of the structure, to precisely locate the damage. The principal component analysis combined with fractal dimension theory is employed for local diagnostics. Numerical studies have been conducted on a 6m simply supported beam and a 30-storey framed structure idealized as a shear building. Experimental verification of the proposed global–local damage diagnostic approach is also carried out. Studies presented in this paper indicate that the global–local approach for damage diagnosis of spatially large structures is very promising for precisely locating the damage with very limited sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of strain modal identification under strain monitoring signals with poor vibration modal information, this paper proposes a strain mode identification method with statistical stability significance. This method removes noise, vehicle-induced effects, and temperature effects from the original dynamic strain signal, retaining only vibration-related components, and obtaining a statistically stable high quality bridge strain power spectrum, thereby identifying high quality strain mode parameters. Furthermore, in order to verify the confidence level of the strain modes obtained by this method, this paper adopts the interval estimation method to estimate the power spectrum, natural frequency, damping ratio, and modal shape after statistical processing. The credibility of strain modes has been estimated by interval estimation. The confidence interval of 95% confidence for each modal parameter is obtained, achieving the confidence-level evaluation of corresponding variable modal parameter identification. In response to practical engineering problems, this paper evaluates the actual bridge data of Tongji Road Bridge in Shanghai, and explains the abnormal phenomena that occurred in the data evaluation based on the measured diseases, verifying the practicality of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary resonance behavior of a rotating ferromagnetic functional gradient cylindrical shell in a magnetic field, temperature field, and excitation force is investigated. Based on the physical neutral surface deformation theory and the Donnell theory, considering the effect of geometric nonlinearity, expressions of strain energy and kinetic energy of the shell and the work of forces are given, respectively. Applying the Hamilton principle, the magneto–thermo–elastic equation of a functional gradient cylindrical shell is derived by considering the magnetization effect of ferromagnetic metal. The question is discretized by Galerkin method and solved by the multi-scale method to obtain the amplitude–frequency response equation. The stability of the solution is discriminated by using the Lyapunov theory. Through numerical examples, the response curves of the system under different parameters are plotted, and the parameter ranges corresponding to multi-valued solution regions and single-valued solution regions are determined. The effects of parameter changes on the dynamic response and stability of system are analyzed. The results show that a coupling mechanism between temperature field, magnetic field, and excitation force affects the response and stability of the system, and the change of parameters have a significant effect on the vibration characteristics and stability. The dynamics model established in this paper is a theoretical reference for investigation on the multi-physics field coupling dynamic behaviors of structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the analytical procedure for determining novel exact expressions for internal forces and displacements of hemi-ellipsoidal shells formed as an axisymmetric shell of revolution under uniformly distributed load such as imposed loads. The simplest form of expressions for solutions is derived based on the linear membrane theory under symmetrical loading that is formed as a shell of revolution. The results have been validated and have a good consistency with numerical solutions from the finite-element method (FEM) which are derived based on the principle of virtual work and differential geometry. The obtained analytical exact solution is only valid for small displacements or if the response does not exceed the linearity limit. In cases of large displacements, geometrical nonlinear finite-element analysis is recommended to determine the solution. The linearity limit determination is demonstrated, and the effects of shells' geometry, thickness, and magnitude of applied loads are presented. Additionally, the linear buckling analysis has been performed. The study found that the size ratio, thickness, and support condition have a significant effect on the critical load of the first mode, and the hemispherical shells have the highest buckling resistance due to the geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active suspension technique normally provides the best vibration mitigation performance at the cost of high-energy consumption. In contrast, the energy consumption of a semi-active suspension is normally much smaller than that of an active suspension, whereas the control performance is compromised as well. Observing the core issue that caused such a phenomenon is that the existing semi-active control force, unlike the active control force, shall always oppose to the relative motion of the actuator (i.e. clipping phenomenon). This paper subsequently proposes a novel semi-active vehicle suspension system that incorporates a passive negative stiffness (NS) spring and a semi-active damper (SD) to realize uncompromised active control force while consuming energy of a typical semi-active suspension system. In specific, the proposed system allows for decomposition of the target active control force and tracked via the collaboration of the NS and SD components. Herein, the NS element is capable of releasing the store potential energy that subsequently eases the aforementioned clipping phenomenon of a traditional semi-active suspension. In this paper, besides the relevant clarifications on the system topology and working mechanism, its feasibility and performance enhancement are also validated via systematic numerical simulations of a vehicle suspension; and the results indicate, for the first time, that the proposed semi-active suspension can fully track the active control force and subsequently achieve unprecedented control performance comparable to an active controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the research on crashworthiness of locomotive mainly adopts the method of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and component test, it is too expensive and less repeatable to carry out vehicle crash tests. Therefore, a method to construct the collision equivalent scaled model (SM) for locomotive based on multi-parameter nondimensional is presented in this paper. Firstly, an equivalent method of structural dynamic responses was proposed. The extraction process and analysis method of dynamic responses for thin plate structures widely existing in locomotives were studied. Then, according to the structural characteristics of the locomotive, the partition equivalent design was carried out, and a dimensionless analysis model of impact dynamic responses for SM was established. Finally, the SM crash test was carried out to verify the effectiveness of collision equivalent SM established, it was found that the SM has high reliability, it can achieve equivalence with the locomotive for energy absorption, average impact force, average acceleration of cab and center of gravity of vehicle body. Carrying out the SM crash test can study the reasonable configuration of energy absorption parameters for locomotives and obtain the impact dynamic responses of locomotives under different configurations of energy absorption parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, buckling and nonlinear post-buckling behaviors of a bidirectional porous (BDP) beam are investigated under bidirectional hygrothermal environment. Euler–Bernoulli beam theory with the von Kármán nonlinearity is employed to derive the nonlinear variable coefficient governing differential equations based on Rayleigh quotient method. Analytical solutions of critical buckling load and load–deflection equilibrium path in post-buckling are deduced for the single directional varying (SDV) porous beam. The general numerical solutions for bidirectional varying (BDV) porous beam are obtained by differential quadrature finite element method (DQFEM) with Newton–Raphson iteration method based on the variation principle. The high accuracy of the present numerical method with higher computing efficiency is verified by comparison with published reports and the analytical results in this work. Parametric analysis on effects of the porosity bidirectional distributions, porosity coefficients, distributions of hygrothermal environment and boundary conditions on buckling load and post-buckling response is carried out to enhance the buckling and deformation resistances in design, manufacture and usage of porous structures. The results show that the bidirectional porosity pattern, linear and nonlinear hygrothermal distribution and boundary conditions play a significant role on buckling critical external load and critical hygrothermal increments, buckling form and post-buckling path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]