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In order to improve the effectiveness of transit-oriented development (TOD), the integration of public transportation and bikes has been regarded as a good alternative because the catchment area of a station, that is, the spatial extent of TOD, can be increased. This paper suggests the concept of bicycle-based TOD (B-TOD) and estimates the spatial extent, considering the catchment area. For this, a trip survey was conducted among bicycle users who used bicycle and public transportation in Seoul metropolitan and Daejeon metropolitan areas in Korea. Regression and cumulative distribution models were used to estimate the spatial extent of B-TOD. The results show that the estimated access distances were 1.96 km and 2.13 km for origin (home)-to-station and station-to-work trips, respectively, and they can play a yardstick role in the TOD planning practices in Korea. In such cases, the catchment areas of B-TOD cover 73.7% and 93.6% of the whole area of Seoul, whereas conventional walking-only TOD can cover only 29.9% of the same. This implies that B-TOD can help to solve one of the key inherent weaknesses of the conventional TOD. Some limitations and recommendations for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycling is gaining popularity both as a mode of travel in urban communities and as an alternative mode to private motorized vehicles due to its wide range of benefits (health, environmental, and economical). However, this change in modal share is not reflected in current transportation planning and travel demand forecasting modeling processes. The existing practices to model bicycle trips in a network are not sophisticated enough to describe the full cyclist experience in route decision-making. This is evident in the existing practices' methodology: the all-or-nothing assignment uses single attributes such as distance, safety, or a composite measure of safety multiplied by distance. The purpose of this article is to develop a multi-class and multi-criteria bicycle traffic assignment model that not only accounts for multiple user classes by acknowledging that there are different types of cyclists with varying levels of biking experience, but also for relevant factors that may affect each user classes behavior in route choice decisions. The multi-class, multi-criteria bicycle traffic assignment model is developed in a two-stage process. The first stage examines key criteria to generate the set of non-dominated (or efficient) routes for each user class, and the second stage determines the flow allocation to efficient routes by user class. Numerical experiments are then conducted to demonstrate the two-stage approach for the multi-class, multi-criteria bicycle traffic assignment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing concerns about environmental and energy issues in many large Chinese cities, local authorities are introducing public bicycle schemes to promote the use of green transportation modes. This paper proposes a novel model for investigating the effects of the public bicycle schemes in a congested multi-modal road network with auto, bus, and public bicycle travel. The decision-making process of travelers regarding travel modes and route choices is assumed to follow a hierarchical choice structure. The effects of pollution emissions by motorized vehicles (i.e., autos and buses), crowding discomfort in buses, and riding fatigue on bicycles are considered in the proposed model. The multi-modal travel choice equilibrium problem is formulated as an equivalent variational inequality problem. The existence and uniqueness of the solution of the proposed model are examined. A heuristic solution algorithm that combines a diagonalization approach and the method of successive averages is adapted to solve the proposed model. A numerical example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed model and solution algorithm. Findings are reported on the effects of the public bicycle schemes and emission tax policy on the multi-modal transportation system. The optimal public bicycle rental price and emission tax for maximization of social welfare can also be determined by the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]