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In order to improve the effectiveness of transit-oriented development (TOD), the integration of public transportation and bikes has been regarded as a good alternative because the catchment area of a station, that is, the spatial extent of TOD, can be increased. This paper suggests the concept of bicycle-based TOD (B-TOD) and estimates the spatial extent, considering the catchment area. For this, a trip survey was conducted among bicycle users who used bicycle and public transportation in Seoul metropolitan and Daejeon metropolitan areas in Korea. Regression and cumulative distribution models were used to estimate the spatial extent of B-TOD. The results show that the estimated access distances were 1.96 km and 2.13 km for origin (home)-to-station and station-to-work trips, respectively, and they can play a yardstick role in the TOD planning practices in Korea. In such cases, the catchment areas of B-TOD cover 73.7% and 93.6% of the whole area of Seoul, whereas conventional walking-only TOD can cover only 29.9% of the same. This implies that B-TOD can help to solve one of the key inherent weaknesses of the conventional TOD. Some limitations and recommendations for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study establishes a network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate the sustainability of public transportation services targeting rapid routes for buses in the Seoul metropolitan area. A network DEA-based optimization model is formulated to evaluate the sustainability of the public transportation service. By considering public transportation services from both the operators’ and users’ perspectives, this model produces results that reflect the interaction of three sustainable transport service properties, i.e., efficiency, equity, and environmental impacts. It is identified that the expansion of median bus lanes and the conversion of conventional buses into compressed natural gas vehicles could improve the sustainability of the public transportation services in the Seoul metropolitan area. Some limitations and future research agenda also are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]