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A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive, weakly catalase-positive, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain S2-9 T was isolated from sediment sampled in Wiyang pond, Republic of Korea. Growth of this strain was observed at 10-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C) and pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl in Reasoner's 2A broth. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain S2-9 T were C 16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising a mixture of C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c ). Ubiquinone-8 was detected as the respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain S2-9 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Paucibacter oligotrophus ' CR182 (98.4 %), all type strains of T (98.7 %), followed by ' Paucibacter aquatile ' CR182 (98.4 %), all type strains of Pelomonas species (98.1-98.3 %), Mitsuaria chitosanitabida NBRC 102408 T (97.9 %), Kinneretia asaccharophila KIN192 T (97.8 %), Mitsuaria chitinivorans HWN-4 T (97.4 %), and Paucibacter toxinivorans 2C20 T (97.4 %). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences showed that strain S2-9 T formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with Paucibacter species (CHU3 T , CR182, and 2C20 T strains were 76.6-79.3% and 19.5-21.5 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain S2-9 T was 68.3 mol%. Notably, genes responsible for both sulphur oxidation and reduction and denitrification were found in the genome of strain S2-9 Paucibacter strains were 76.6-79.3% and 19.5-21.5 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain S2-9 T was 68.3 mol%. Notably, genes responsible for both sulphur oxidation and reduction and denitrification were found in the genome of strain S2-9 T represents a novel species of the genus T is involved in the nitrogen and sulphur cycles in pond ecosystems. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, strain S2-9 T represents a novel species of the genus Paucibacter , for which the name Paucibacter sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S2-9 T (= KACC 22267 T = JCM 34541 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative and facultative aerobic bacterium, strain 16-MA T , was isolated from seawater of Yellow Sea in South Korea. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive and non-motile rods. Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, 8.0), and in the presence of 0-7.0% NaCl (optimum, 3 %). Strain 16-MA T contained ubiquinone-8 as the sole isoprenoid quinone, C 16 : 0 and summed feature three as the major fatty acids (>10 %), and phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and an unidentified polar lipid as the major polar lipids. The genome size and DNA G+C content of strain 16-MA T were 3.69 Mb and 46.0 mol%, respectively. Strain 16-MA T was most closely related to Alishewanella alkalitolerans LNK-7.1 T with a 97.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. A phylogenomic tree based on whole genome sequences showed that strain 16-MA T formed a phylogenetic lineage within the genus Alishewanella . Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular analyses, strain 16-MA T represents a novel species of the genus Alishewanella , for which the name Alishewanella maricola is proposed. The type strain is 16-MA T (=KACC 22238 T =JCM 34596 T ).

Two Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and non-motile rod bacteria, strains BL T and W38 T , that were isolated from soil and freshwater, respectively, were taxonomically characterized. Both strains optimally grew at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in Reasoner's 2A medium and contained ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. As major fatty acids (>10 %), strain BL T contained iso-C 15 : 0 and summed features 3 and 9 (comprising iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH and/or C 16 : 1  ω 7 c /ω6 c and iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl, respectively), whereas strain W38 T and summed feature 9. Diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine as major polar lipids and phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as minor polar lipids were detected in both strains. The DNA G+C contents of strains BL 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and summed feature 9. Diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine as major polar lipids and phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as minor polar lipids were detected in both strains. The DNA G+C contents of strains BL T and W38 T were 68.3 and 65.3 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences revealed that strains BL T and W38 T formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with Tahibacter species, and they shared 98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 75.5 % average nucleotide identity (ANI) and 16.6 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values, indicating that they are different species. Strains BL T and W38 T were most closely related to Tahibacter caeni BUT-6 T and Tahibacter aquaticus PYM5-11 T with 97.7 and 98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. ANI and dDDH values between strain BL T and T. caeni BUT-6 T and between strain W38 T and T. aquaticus DSM 21667 T represent two different novel species of the genus T and W38 T represent two different novel species of the genus Tahibacter sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of Tahibacter soli sp. nov. and Tahibacter amnicola sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of T. soli and T. amnicola are BL T (=KACC 22831 T =JCM 35402 T ) and W38 T (=KACC 22832 T =JCM 35749 T ), respectively.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, motile by gliding, creamy white-pigmented bacterium, designated strain S2-8 T , isolated from a sediment sample from a Wiyang pond in the Republic of Korea, was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Growth was observed at 10-40 °C (optimum: 30 °C), pH 7-8 and 0-0.5% NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain S2-8 T belonged to the family Sphingobacteriaceae in the phylum Bacteroidota and was closely related to Solitalea longa HR-AV T , Solitalea canadensis DSM 3403 T and Solitalea koreensis R2A36-4 T with 97.2, 96.7 and 93.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values for these type strains were 72.0-75.2% and 21.2-21.9 %, respectively. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1 ). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified amino acids and four unidentified lipids. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 37.9 mol%. Based on polyphasic taxonomic analysis, it was observed that strain S2-8  ω 6 c ). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified amino acids and four unidentified lipids. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 37.9 mol%. Based on polyphasic taxonomic analysis, it was observed that strain S2-8 T is a novel species belonging to the genus Solitalea , for which the name Solitalea lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S2-8 T (= KACC 22266 T = JCM 34533 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated MMS21-Er5 T was isolated and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. MMS21- Er5 T could grow at 4-34 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl (optimum, 1 %). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that MMS21- Er5 T showed low levels of sequence similarities with other species, as the highest similarity of 97.83 % was observed with Flavobacterium tyrosinilyticum THG DN8.8 T , then 97.68 % with ' Flavobacterium ginsengiterrae ' DCY 55 and 97.63 % with Flavobacterium banpakuense 15F3 T , which were well below the suggested cutoff for species distinction. The whole genome sequence of MMS21-Er5 T consisted of a single contig of 5.63 Mbp, and the DNA G+C content was 34.06 mol%. The in-silico DNA-DNA hybridization and orthologous average nucleotide identity values were highest with Flavobacterium tyrosinilyticum KCTC 42726 T (45.7 and 91.92% respectively). The predominant respiratory quinone for the strain was menaquinone-6 (MK-6), the major cellular fatty acid was iso-C 15 : 0 , and the diagnostic polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyldiethanolamine. The combination of physiological and biochemical tests clearly distinguished the strain from related species of the genus Flavobacterium . On the basis of these results, strain MMS21-Er5 T evidently represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium humidisoli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain=MMS21-Er5 T =KCTC 92256 T =LMG 32524 T ).

Two Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and aerobic bacteria, strains MSW7 T and MSW13 T , were isolated from seawater. Cells of strains MSW7 T and MSW13 T are motile and non-motile rods, respectively. Strain MSW7 T optimally grew at 25 °C and pH 7.0 and in the presence of 3 % (w/v) NaCl, whereas strain MSW13 T optimally grew at 25 °C and pH 6.0-7.0 and in the presence of 2 % NaCl. As the sole respiratory quinone and the major fatty acids and polar lipids, strain MSW7 T contained ubiquinone-8, C 16 : 0 , C 15 : 1  ω 8 c , C 17 : 1  ω 8 c and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c ), and phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, respectively, whereas strain MSW13 T contained menaquinone-6, C 15 : 1 3-OH, and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strains MSW7  ω 6 c , iso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 , and iso-C 15 : 0 3-OH, and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strains MSW7 T and MSW13 T were 37.3 and 29.9 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains MSW7 T and MSW13 T were most closely related to Colwellia echini A3 T and Polaribacter atrinae WP25 T with 98.8 and 98.1 % sequence similarities, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MSW7 T and C. echini A3 T represent novel species of the genera T and P. atrinae KACC 17473 T were 73.6 and 22.6 % and 80.4 and 23.8 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strains MSW7 T sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains of T represent novel species of the genera Colwellia and Polaribacter , respectively, for which the names Colwellia maritima sp. nov. and Polaribacter marinus sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains of C. maritima sp. nov. and P. marinus sp. nov. are MSW7 T (=KACC 22339 T =JCM 35001 T ) and MSW13 T (=KACC 22341 T =JCM 35021 T ), respectively.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultative aerobic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, non-sporulating, and non-motile bacterium, which degraded benzophenone-3, was isolated from stream sediment collected in the Republic of Korea and designated as strain S2-17 T . Cells of this strain were rod-shaped during the early growth phase but became coccoid after the late exponential growth phase. Bacterial growth was observed at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C) and pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.5) and in the presence of 0-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-1.0 %). Menaquinone-8 (H 2 ) was the sole isoprenoid quinone, and C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 1  ω 8 c , summed feature 3 (comprising C 16 : 1  ω 7 c /C 16 : 1  ω were the major fatty acids. The cell wall of strain S2-17 c ) and C 18 : 1 -diaminopimelic acid, and arabinose, galactose and mycolic acid were found in whole-cell hydrolysates, suggesting a chemotype IV cell wall. The G+C content of the genome was 65.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain S2-17  ω 9 c were the major fatty acids. The cell wall of strain S2-17 T contained meso -diaminopimelic acid, and arabinose, galactose and mycolic acid were found in whole-cell hydrolysates, suggesting a chemotype IV cell wall. The G+C content of the genome was 65.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain S2-17 T formed a phyletic lineage within the genus Rhodococcus and was most closely related to Rhodococcus jostii DSM 44719 T represents a novel species of the genus T and R. jostii DSM 44719 T were 82.6 and 26.5 %, respectively, indicating differences between the species. Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strain S2-17 T represents a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus , for which the name Rhodococcus oxybenzonivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S2-17 T (=KACC 19281 T =JCM 32046 T ).

A cream-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KSC-6 T , was isolated from soil sampled at the Gapcheon River watershed in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The organism does not require NaCl for growth and grows at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 10-37 °C (optimum, 25 °C). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences reveal that strain KSC-6 T belongs to the family Chitinophagaceae within the order Chitinophagales and is most closely related to Panacibacter ginsenosidivorans Gsoil 1550 T (95.9% similarity). The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.9 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids (>8 %) of strain KCS-6 T were iso-C 15:0, iso-C 15 : 1 G and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 and the predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, five unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. Based on genome analyses, low digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values with closely related genera, and differential chemotaxonomic and physiological properties, we suggest that strain KCS-6 T represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Chitinophagaceae , for which the name Limnovirga soli gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain KCS-6 T =KCCM 43337 T =NBRC 114336 T ) is proposed.

A strict aerobic bacterium, strain JW14 T was isolated from soil in the Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, non-endospore-forming and motile rods showing catalase-positive and oxidase-negative activities. Growth of strain JW14 T was observed at 20-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-2.0% NaCl (optimum, 0%). Strain JW14 T contained menaquinone-7 as the sole isoprenoid quinone, anteiso-C 15:0 , C 16:0 and iso-C 16 : 0 as the major fatty acids (>10.0%), and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminophospholipids and an unidentified lipid as the major polar lipids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain JW14 T contained meso -diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content of strain JW14 T calculated from the whole genome sequence was 48.1 mol%. Strain JW14 T was most closely related to Paenibacillus graminis DSM 15220 T with 97.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JW14 T formed a distinct phyletic lineage from closely related type strains within the genus Paenibacillus . Based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular analyses, strain JW14 T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus , for which the name Paenibacillus agri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JW14 T (=KACC 21840 T =JCM 34279 T ).

An obligately anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive and spore-forming strain, SNUG30386 T was isolated from a faecal sample of a healthy Korean subject. The strain formed a round ivory-coloured colony and cells were chained rods with tapered ends, approximately 2.0-2.5×0.6-0.8 μm in size. The taxonomic analysis indicated that strain SNUG30386 T was within the family Lachnospiraceae . According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the closest species to strain SNUG30386 T was Clostridium symbiosum (95.6 %), followed by Enterocloster asparagiformis (94.8 %), Enterocloster clostridioformis (94.8 %) and Enterocloster lavalensis (94.6 %). The evolutionary tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that strain SNUG30386 T had split apart at a unique branch point far from other close relatives. Its DNA G+C content was 48.3 mol% calculated from the whole genome sequence. The major cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 and C 14 : 0 . Compared to those of the closely related species, strain SNUG30386 T showed distinct biochemical activities such as being unable to utilize most of carbon sources except d-glucose and l-arabinose. As a result, based on its unique phylogenetic clade and taxonomic characteristics, we conclude that strain SNUG30386 T represents a novel species within the genus Clostridium , for which the name Clostridium fessum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the novel species is SNUG30386 T (=KCTC 15633 T = JCM 32258 T ).

Two Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic, pink-coloured, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strains, PAMC 26568 and PAMC 26569 T , were isolated from an Antarctic lichen. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains PAMC 26568 and PAMC 26569 T belong to the family Acetobacteraceae and the most closely related species are Gluconacetobacter takamatsuzukensis (96.1 %), Gluconacetobacter tumulisoli (95.9 %) and Gluconacetobacter sacchari (95.7 %). Phylogenomic and genomic relatedness analyses showed that strains PAMC 26568 and PAMC 26569 T are clearly distinguished from other genera in the family Acetobacteraceae by average nucleotide identity values (<72.8 %) and the genome-to-genome distance values (<22.5 %). Genomic analysis revealed that strains PAMC 26568 and PAMC 26569 T do not contain genes involved in atmospheric nitrogen fixation and utilization of sole carbon compounds such as methane and methanol. Instead, strains PAMC 26568 and PAMC 26569 T possess genes to utilize nitrate and nitrite and certain monosaccharides and disaccharides. The major fatty acids (>10 %) are summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω7 c and/or C 18 : 1  ω6 c ; 40.3-40.4 %), C 18 : 1 2OH (22.7-23.7 %) and summed feature 2 (C 14 : 0 3OH and/or C 16 : 1 iso I; 12.0 % in PAMC 26568). The major respiratory quinone is Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content of PAMC 26568 and PAMC 26569 T is 64.6 %. Their distinct phylogenetic position and some physiological characteristics distinguish strains PAMC 26568 and PAMC 26569 T from other genera in the family Acetobacteraceae supporting the proposal of Lichenicola gen. nov., with the type species Lichenicola cladoniae sp. nov. (type strain, PAMC 26569 T =KCCM 43315 T =JCM 33604 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, flexirubin-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain, PAMC 28998 T , was isolated from a surface sediment sample collected from the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Strain PAMC 28998 T grew at 4-37 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and in the presence of 1.0-10.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain PAMC 28998 T belongs to the genus Antarcticibacterium showing the highest sequence similarity (96.8 %) with Antarcticibacterium flavum JB01H24 T . The average nucleotide identity and genome-to-genome distance values between PAMC 28998 T and the most closely related species ( A. flavum JB01H24 T ) were 74.1 and 18.5 %, respectively, indicating that strain PAMC 28998 T is clearly distinguished from A. flavum . The genomic DNA G+C content calculated from genome sequences was 39.8 %. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C 15 : 0 (19.5 %), anteiso-C 15 : 0 (18.0 %), iso-C 16 : 0 (11.6 %) and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6 c and/or C 16:1 ω7 c ; 11.4 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, aminoglycolipid, two unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified phospholipids and four unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic data presented here, strain PAMC 28998 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Antarcticibacterium , for which the name Antarcticibacterium arcticum sp. nov. is proposed with the strain PAMC 28998 T (=KCCM 43316 T =JCM 33514 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain MaA-Y11 T , was isolated from a culture of Microcystis aeruginosa in the Republic of Korea. Cells were non-motile rods showing catalase- and oxidase-positive reactions. Growth of strain MaA-Y11 T was observed at 25-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 0-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Strain MaA-Y11 T did not produce flexirubin-type pigments. Strain MaA-Y11 T contained iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω7 c and/or C 16 : 1 ω6 c ) as major cellular fatty acids and menaquinone-6 as the sole isoprenoid quinone. Phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified lipids were detected as the major polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain MaA-Y11 T formed a phyletic lineage with Flavobacterium lindanitolerans IP-10 T within the genus Flavobacterium . Strain MaA-Y11 T was most closely related to Flavobacterium lindanitolerans IP-10 T , with a 98.85 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, and shared less than 93.87 % sequence similarities with other type strains. Average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MaA-Y11 T and the type strain of F. lindanitolerans were 87.0 and 32.3 %, respectively. Here, we conclude that strain MaA-Y11 T represents a new species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium microcysteis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MaA-Y11 T (=KACC 21225 T =JCM 33501 T ).

Two Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic chemoheterotrophic, pink-coloured, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strains, PAMC 29128 and PAMC 29148 T , were isolated from lichen. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains PAMC 29128 and PAMC 29148 T belong to lichen-associated Rhizobiales -1 (LAR1), an uncultured phylogenetic lineage of the order Rhizobiales and the most closely related genera were Methylocapsa (<93.9 %) and Methylosinus (<93.8 %). The results of phylogenomic and genomic relatedness analyses also showed that strains PAMC 29128 and PAMC 29148 T were clearly distinguished from other species in the order Rhizobiales with average nucleotide identity values of <71.4 % and genome-to-genome distance values of <22.7 %. Genomic analysis revealed that strains PAMC 29128 and PAMC 29148 T did not contain genes involved in atmospheric nitrogen fixation or utilization of carbon compounds such as methane and methanol. Strains PAMC 29128 and PAMC 29148 T were able to utilize certain monosaccharides, disaccharides, sugar alcohols and other organic compounds as a sole carbon source. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω7 c and/or C 18 : 1  ω6 c ; 33.7-39.7 %), summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω7 c and/or C 16:1 ω 6c ; 25.2-25.4 %) and C 19 :0 cyclo ω8 c (11.9-15.4 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C contents of PAMC 29128 and PAMC 29148 T were 63.0 and 63.1 mol%, respectively. Their distinct phylogenetic position and some physiological characteristics support the proposal of Lichenihabitans gen. nov., with the type species Lichenihabitans psoromatis sp. nov. (type strain, PAMC 29148 T =KCCM 43293 T =JCM 33311 T ). Lichenihabitantaceae fam. nov. is also proposed.

Two long-rod-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, obligately anaerobic and non-spore-forming strains, SNUG30099 T and SNUG30370 T , were isolated from faecal samples of healthy Korean subjects. The strains formed circular ivory-coloured colonies on Brain-heart infusion medium supplemented with 0.5% Difco yeast extract (YBHI) agar and cells were approximately 3.5-4.5×0.3-0.4 µm in size. Taxonomic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences distinguished the strains from other species within the family Erysipelotrichaceae. The closest relative of strains SNUG30099 T and SNUG30370 T was Longibaculum muris (92.9 % and 93.6 % similarity, respectively), followed by Clostridium saccharogumia (92.3 % and 92.2 %). Phylogenetic inference also divided the strains into a unique branch that differed from other related strains that belong to the family Erysipelotrichaceae. DNA G+C contents based on the whole genome sequences of strains SNUG30099 T and SNUG30370 T were 29.2 and 30.2 mol%, respectively. Both novel strains possessed meso-diaminopimelic acid as the peptidoglycan, and phosphatidylethanolamine was observed as one of the major polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acid composition was different from those of other related taxa. In addition, the profile of biochemical activities advocated that the strains have distinct characteristics in comparison to other strains. Taken together, a novel genus, named Faecalibacillus gen. nov., is proposed, which includes the type species Faecalibacillus intestinalis sp. nov. for strain SNUG30099 T and Faecalibacillus faecis sp. nov. for strain SNUG30370 T . The type strains of these novel species are SNUG30099 T (=KCTC 15631 T =JCM 32256 T ) and SNUG30370 T (=KCTC 15632 T =JCM 32257 T ).

A Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, catalase-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped lactic acid bacterium strain, denoted as NFFJ11 T and isolated from total mixed fermentation feed in the Republic of Korea, was characterized through polyphasic approaches, including sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene and housekeeping genes ( rpoA and pheS ), determination of average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid methyl ester analysis, and phenotypic characterization. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, rpoA and pheS gene sequences revealed that strain NFFJ11 T belonged to the genus Companilactobacillus . The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NFFJ11 T exhibited high similarity to Companilactobacillus formosensis S215 T (99.66 %), Companilactobacillus farciminis Rv4 na T (99.53 %), Companilactobacillus crustorum LMG 23699 T (99.19 %), Companilactobacillus futsaii YM 0097 T (99.06 %), Companilactobacillus zhachilii HBUAS52074 T (98.86 %) and Companilactobacillus heilongiiangensis S4-3 T (98.66 %). However, average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values for these type strains were in the range of 79.90-92.93 % and 23.80-49.30 %, respectively, which offer evidence that strain NFFJ11 T belongs to a novel species of the genus Companilactobacillus . The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A4α (l-Lys-d-Asp) and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.7 mol%. The main fatty acids of strain NFFJ11 T were C 18 : 1  ω 9 c (20.1 %) and summed feature 7 (18.3 %; comprising any combination of C 16 : 0 (20.1 %) and summed feature 7 (18.3 %; comprising any combination of C 19 : 1  ω 7 c , C 19 : 1  ω 6 c and C 19 : 0 cyclo ω 10 c ). Through polyphasic taxonomic analysis, it was observed that strain NFFJ11 T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Companilactobacillus , for which the name Companilactobacillus pabuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NFFJ11 T (= KACC 21771 T = JCM 34088 T ).

A yellow-coloured, Gram-strain-negative, non-motile, cocci-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated HZ-65 T , was isolated from hyporheic freshwater in the Republic of Korea. Strain HZ-65 T grew at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0-0.5 % NaCl (w/v; optimum at 0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain HZ-65 T is a member of family Opitutaceae and is closely related to Opitutus terrae PB90-1 T (94.0 % similarity), Cephaloticoccus primus CAG34 T (93.0 %), and Cephaloticoccus capnophilus CV41 T (92.7 %), while the similarities to other Opitutaceae-type strains were lower than 90.0 %. The DNA G+C content was 62.2 mol% and the quinone present was menaquinone-7. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, and iso-C16 : 0, representing 70 % of the total fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Analysis of the HZ-65 T genome revealed the presence of 300 genes that are involved in carbohydrate-active enzymes, which indicates the metabolic potential to degrade polysaccharides. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genetic, and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain HZ-65 T represents a novel species in a new genus within the family Opitutaceae, for which the name Nibricoccus aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Nibricoccus aquaticus is HZ-65 T (KACC 19333 T =NBRC 112907 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, oxidase- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from a coastal seawater sample from the Arctic Circle and designated strain IMCC9719 T . On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, it was shown that strain IMCC9719 T belonged to the genus Leucothrix and was closely related to the type strains of Leucothrix pacifica (97.6 % similarity) and Leucothrix mucor (95.1 %), while the strain shared <90.6 % sequence similarity with other bacterial species. The average nucleotide identity and genome-to-genome distance values between strain IMCC9719 T and L. pacifica JCM 18388 T were 71.7 and 16.9 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain IMCC9719 T was 43.5 mol%. Optimum growth of strain IMCC9719 T was observed at 15 °C, at pH 7.5-8.5 and in the presence of 2.0-2.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c) and C16 : 0. Cells of strain IMCC9719 T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified polar lipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). Based on the taxonomic data collected in this study, strain IMCC9719 T represents a novel species of the genus Leucothrix, for which the name Leucothrix arctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC9719 T (=KACC 18010 T =NBRC 110382 T ).

A gamma radiation-resistant, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SJW1-2 T , was isolated from freshwater samples collected from the Seomjin River, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain SJW1-2 T was most closely related to Deinococcus metalli 1PNM-19 T (94.3 % sequence similarity) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with other species of the genus Deinococcus. The optimum growth pH and temperature for the isolate were pH 7.0-7.5 and 25 °C, respectively. Strain SJW1-2 T exhibited high resistance to gamma radiation. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-8. The polar lipid profile consisted of different unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified lipids, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified phosphoglycolipid. The major peptidoglycan amino acids were alanine, d-glutamic acid, glycine and l-ornithine. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) (25.2 %) and C16 : 0 (21.2 %), and the DNA G+C content was 69.5 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain SJW1-2 T (=KACC 19332 T =NBRC 112908 T ) represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus koreensis sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-stain-positive strain, designated DT7-02 T , was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of Oenotherabiennis (evening primrose) and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Cells of DT7-02 T were slender rod-shaped, motile by means of flagella, and oxidase- and catalase-positive. The colonies were circular, pinkish-yellow, opaque, glistering and 1-2 mm in diameter. The strain was moderately thermophilic and halophilic, as growth occurred at 20-44 °C (optimum 40 °C), pH 7-10 (optimum pH 8-9) and in the presence of 0-8 % of NaCl (optimum 4 %) in tryptic soy broth. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain represented a member of the genus Pseudogracilibacillus of the family Bacillaceae, and the sequence similarity was 96.5 % with Pseudogracilibacillus auburnensis P-207 T and 95.9 % with Pseudogracilibacillus marinus NIOT-bflm-S4 T . Other related taxa were Ornithinibacillus contaminans DSM 22953 T and Sinibacillus soli KCTC 33117 T , with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.4 and 94.3 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of DT7-02 T were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 35.1 mol%, and the respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The combination of chemotaxonomic properties enabled differentiation of DT7-02 T from the other two species of the genus Pseudogracilibacillus. The results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses demonstrate that strain DT7-02 T (=KCTC 33854 T =JCM 31192 T ) merits recognition as representing a novel species of the genus Pseudogracilibacillus, for which the name Pseudogracilibacillusendophyticus sp. nov. is proposed.

A novel Gram-negative bacterium strain, DRW22-8 T , was isolated from fresh water taken at a depth of 22 m at Daechung Reservoir, Republic of Korea. The cells of strain DRW22-8 T were aerobic and motile with a single polar flagellum or non-motile (stalked), and formed creamy-white colonies on R2A agar. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the strain formed a separate lineage within the order Rhodobacterales, showing similarity values under 91.8 % with its closest phylogenetic neighbours, Hirschia litorea, Hirschia baltica and Hirschia maritima. The chemotaxonomic results showed Q-10 as the predominant respiratory ubiquinone, three unidentified glycolipids, an unidentified lipid and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids, and C16 : 0, 11-methyl C18 : 1, C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 64.4 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain DRW22-8 T could be distinguished from all genera within the family Hyphomonadaceae and represented a novel genus, Asprobacter gen. nov., with the name Asprobacter aquaticus sp. nov., in the family Hyphomonadaceae. The type strain is DRW22-8 T (=KCTC 42356 T =JCM 30469 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic bacterium, designated strain D1 T , was isolated from soil in South Korea. Cells of strain D1 T were non-motile rods with oxidase- and catalase-positive activities. Growth was observed at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30-37 °C), at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0.0-5.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.0-1.0 %). The only respiratory quinone detected was menaquinone 7 (MK-7), and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the major polar lipid, and two unidentified glycophospholipids and four unidentified lipids were also detected as minor polar lipids. Sphingolipids, a typical chemotaxonomic feature of the genus Sphingobacterium, were detected. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 43.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain D1 T formed a phyletic lineage with Sphingobacterium hotanense XH4 T within the genus Sphingobacterium. Strain D1 T was most closely related to S. hotanense XH4 T (98.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Sphingobacterium cellulitidis R-53603 T (97.2 %), and the DNA-DNA relatedness level between strain D1 T and the type strain of S. cellulitidis was 43.1±0.7 %. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strain D1 T clearly represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium humi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D1 T (=KACC 18595 T =JCM 31225 T ).

Strain Hb3 T was isolated from a tidal flat in Jeollabuk-do Gunsan, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped and motile. The strain grew optimally at 25-35 °C, at pH 6.0-6.5 and with 3.0-10.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Hb3 T belonged to the genus Halomonas. Strain Hb3 T was related most closely to Halomonas ventosae Al12 T (98.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Halomonas denitrificans M29 T (98.6 %) and Halomonas saccharevitans AJ275 T (98.4 %). Moreover, multilocus sequence analysis using the gyrB, rpoD and secA genes supported the phylogenetic position of strain Hb3 T . The genomic G+C content of strain Hb3 T was 67.9 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values for strain Hb3 T versus H. ventosae Al12 T , H. denitrificans M29 T and H. saccharevitans AJ275 T were 38.0, 54.5 and 47.4 %, respectively. The major quinone was ubiquinone Q-9 and the major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), C16 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, amino lipid, six unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified lipid comprised the polar lipid profile. On the basis of the data presented in this report, strain Hb3 T represents a novel species of the genus Halomonas. The name Halomonas aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species. The type strain is Hb3 T (=KCTC 52253 T =JCM 31415 T ).

An extremely halophilic archaeal strain SP28 T was isolated from the Gomso solar saltern, Republic of Korea. Cells of the new strain SP28 T were pleomorphic and Gram stain negative, and produced red-pigmented colonies. These grew in medium with 2.5-4.5 M NaCl (optimum 3.1 M) and 0.05-0.5 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.1 M), at 25-50 °C (optimum 37 °C) and at a pH of 6.5-8.5 (optimum pH 8.0). Mg 2+ was required for growth. A concentration of at least 2 M NaCl was required to prevent cell lysis. Polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate and one glycolipid chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether. 16S rRNA and rpoB' gene sequence analyses showed that strain SP28 T is closely related to Haloplanus ruber R35 T (97.3 and 94.1 %, 16S rRNA and rpoB' gene sequence similarity, respectively), Haloplanus litoreus GX21 T (97.0 and 92.1 %), Haloplanus salinus YGH66 T (96.0 and 91.9 %), Haloplanus vescus RO5-8 T (95.9 and 90.9 %), Haloplanus aerogenes TBN37 T (95.6 and 90.3 %) and Haloplanus natans RE-101 T (95.3 and 89.8 %). The DNA G+C content of the novel strain SP28 T was 66.2 mol%, which is slightly higher than that of Hpn.litoreus GX21 T (65.8 mol%) and Hpn.ruber R35 T (66.0 mol%). DNA-DNA hybridization values betweenHpn.ruber R35 T and strain SP28 T and between Hpn.litoreus GX21 T and strain SP28 T were about 24.8 and 20.7 %, respectively. We conclude that strain SP28 T represents a novel species of the genus Haloplanus and propose the name Haloplanus salinarum sp. nov. The type strain is SP28 T (=JCM 31424 T =KCCM 43210 T ).

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, non-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from an Arctic coastal seawater sample and was designated strain IMCC9565T. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain IMCC9565T revealed that the closest phylogenetic neighbours of the strain were members of the genus Planktotalea. Furthermore, the strain formed a robust clade with Planktotalea frisia SH6-1T, with which it shared 97.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Determination of genomic relatedness based on average nucleotide identity and genome-to-genome distance showed that strain IMCC9565T was distantly related to P. frisia, meaning the Arctic strain represents a novel species. Optimum growth of strain IMCC9565T was observed at 20 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. The major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) and the major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. The principal fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and C16 : 0, and the DNA G+C content was 57.1 mol%. Based on these data, Planktotalea arctica sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate the bacterial isolate and the type strain is IMCC9565T (=KACC 18009T=NBRC 110393T).

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacteria, designated strains T2T and T5, were isolated from a culture of Microcystis from Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies placed the new isolates in the class Alphaproteobacteria and, notably, most closely related to Blastomonasaquatica PE 4-5T, Blastomonas natatoria DSM 3183T and Blastomonas ursincola KR-99T showing 99.4 %, 98.2 % and 97.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. The two novel strains shared 100 % similarity with each other. The cells of strains T2T and T5 formed yellow colonies on R2A agar and contained Q-10 as the only ubiquinone, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids, and C17 : 1ω6c, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C17 : 1ω8c and C17 : 0 as the major fatty acids (>5 %). The DNA G+C content of the genomes was determined to be 64.2 mol% for strain T2T and 64.4 mol% for strain T5. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of strains T2T and T5 with B.aquatica PE 4-5T, B. natatoria DSM 3183T, and B. ursincola KR-99T were 19.7-42.4 %. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains T2T and T5 represent a novel species of the genus Blastomonas, for which the name Blastomonas fulvasp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T2T (=KCTC 42354T=JCM 30467T).

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, non-pigmented, strictly aerobic and rod-shape bacterium, designated BK296T, was isolated from stream water originating from a limestone cave in Samcheok, Korea. Optimal growth of strain BK296T was observed at 30 °C, pH 7.0-8.0 and without NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BK296T belonged to the genus Perlucidibaca, forming a robust clade with a member of the genus, and was most closely related to Perlucidibaca piscinae (97.8 %). The average nucleotide identity value between strain BK296T and Perlucidibacapiscinae IMCC1704T was 79.8 %, and the genome-to-genome distance was 17.5 % on mean. The G+C content of the DNA of strain BK296T was 55.7 mol%. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, C12 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain BK296T (=KCTC 52162T=JCM 31377T) represents a novel species of the genus Perlucidibaca, for which the name Perlucidibaca aquatica sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated B6T, was isolated from activated sludge of a wastewater treatment plant in South Korea. Cells were oxidase- and catalase-positive and non-motile rods producing yellow carotenoid-type pigments. Growth of B6T was observed at 20-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C) and pH 6.6-8.2 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in R2A broth supplemented with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). B6T contained iso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acid. Menaquinone-6 was detected as the sole respiratory quinone. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of B6T was 31.5 mol%. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that B6T formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with members of the genus Cloacibacterium. B6T was most closely related to Cloacibacterium rupense R2A-16T (99.0 %), Cloacibacterium normanense NRS1T (98.7 %) and Cloacibacterium haliotis WB5T (97.4 %), but their DNA-DNA relatedness levels were less than 42.0 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular properties, it is clear that B6T represents a novel species of the genus Cloacibacterium, for which the name Cloacibacterium caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B6T (=KACC 18988T=JCM 31714T).

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strain EBR-4-2T isolated from a biofilm reactor in Korea. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed the clear affiliation of this strain to the Actinobacteria, and it had the highest pairwise sequence similarities with Actinotalea suaedae EGI 60002T (98.7 %), Actinotalea ferrariae CF5-4T (96.3 %) and Actinotalea fermentans DSM 3133T (96.2 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus Actinotalea. The major fatty acids were identified as C15 : 0 anteiso, C16 : 0, C16 : 0 N alcohol, C15 : 1 anteiso A and C15 : 0 iso. The major cellular polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylinositol and glycolipid. The peptidoglycan type was A4β containing l-Orn-d-Glu. The whole-cell-wall sugars were glucose and ribose. The respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone MK-10(H4), and the genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 74.8 mol %. Based on evidence from this polyphasic study, it is proposed that strain EBR-4-2T should be designated as representing a novel species named Actinotalea caeni sp. nov. The type stain is EBR-4-2T (=KCTC 33604T=JCM 30447T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain SS2-56T, was isolated from sediment of the Nakdong River in Sangju-si, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate SS2-56T belongs to the family Chitinophagaceae, and was most closely related to Lacibacter daechungensis H32-4T (96.6 % similarity) and Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8T (96.1 %). Strain SS2-56T contained menaquinone 7 (MK-7) as a respiratory quinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain SS2-56T were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 43.8 mol%. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence clearly indicates that strain SS2-56T represents a novel species of the genus Lacibacter, for which the name Lacibacter nakdongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SS2-56T (=KCTC 52160T=JCM 31372T).

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and endophytic bacterial strains, designated YC7033T and YC7034T, were isolated from the roots of halophytes (Suaeda maritime and Limonium tetragonum, respectively) inhabiting tidal flats of the Sacheon area, Korea. The phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains were closely related to Martelella endophytica YC6887T, Martelella mangrovi BM9-1T, Martelella radicis BM5-7T and Martelella mediterranea DSM 17316T at 97.6-99.1 % similarity. Sequence similarities with the type strains of another closely related genus, Rhizobium, were lower than 95.0 %. Both strains contained ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the major respiratory quinone system. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strains YC7033T and YC7034T were 52.8 and 62.2 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acids of both strain YC7033T and strain YC7034T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, and biochemical and phenotypic characteristics, strains YC7033T and YC7034T represent two novel species of the genus Martelella, for which the names Martelella suaedae sp. nov. (type strain: YC7033T=KACC 17175T=NBRC 109440T) and Martelella limonii sp. nov. (type strain: YC7034T=KACC 17176T=NBRC 109441T) are proposed, respectively.

A Gram-stain-negative, motile by gliding, non-spore-forming and oval-shaped bacterial strain designated T1-10T was isolated from pine forest soil, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6-7 and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) (optimum, 0 %) NaCl. Flexirubin-type pigments were produced. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain T1-10T was assigned to the genus Taibaiella of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and the most closely related species was Taibaiella koreensis THG-DT86T with 97.11 % sequence similarity, but the strain formed an independent lineage in the phylogenetic tree. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain T1-10T was 42.5 mol%. The main cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The only isoprenoid quinone detected in the strain was MK-7, and the major polyamine was homospermidine. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified aminophospholipids. Strain T1-10T could be distinguished from related species by physiological and biochemical properties. Phenotypic and phylogenetic data supported that strain T1-10T represents a novel species of the genus Taibaiella, for which the name Taibaiella soli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain T1-10T=KCTC 42277T=JCM 31014T).

A Gram-staining-negative, moderately halophilic and strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain KJ4T, was isolated from marine sediment at Gangjin in South Korea. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive long rods with gliding motility. Growth of strain KJ4T was observed at 4-37 °C (optimum, 15-25 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.5) and in the presence of 1.0-7.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0-5.0%). Menaquinone 6 (MK-6) was the only isoprenoid quinone detected and iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:1 G and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) were the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipids of strain KJ4T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid and five unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 38.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KJ4T formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the genus Maribacter. Strain KJ4T was most closely related to Maribacter orientalis KMM 3947T with 97.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strain KJ4T clearly represents a novel species of the genus Maribacter, for which the name Maribacter lutimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KJ4T (=KACC 16438T=JCM 31154T).

A novel actinobacterium designated strain MWE-A11T was isolated from the root of wild Artemisia princeps (mugwort). The isolate was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive and short rod-shaped, and the colonies were yellow and circular with entire margin. Strain MWE-A11T grew at 15-37 °C and pH 6.0-8.0. The predominant isoprenoid quinones were MK-11 and MK-10. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0, and the DNA G+C content was 68.8 mol%. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. The peptidoglycan contained 2,4-diaminobutyric acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and the acyl type was glycolyl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain MWE-A11T was affiliated with the family Microbacteriaceae, and was most closely related to the type strains of Humibacter antri (96.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Herbiconiux moechotypicola (96.3%), Leifsonia soli (96.3%), Leifsonia lichenia (96.2%), Leifsonia xyli subsp. cynodontis (96.1%), Microbacterium testaceum (96.0%) and Humibacter albus (96.0%). However, the combination of chemotaxonomic properties clearly distinguished strain MWE-A11T from the related taxa at genus level. Accordingly, Allohumibacter endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate a new member of the family Microbacteriaceae. The type strain of the type species is MWE-A11T (=JCM 19371T=KCTC 29232T).

A novel species of the genus Arenimonas , represented by strain S2-21 T , was isolated from an estuary of Asan in South Korea. Cells of strain S2-21 T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile rods that were oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth of strain S2-21 T was observed at 15-40 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 7.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , C 11 : 0 3-OH, iso-C 16 : 0 , summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C 17 : 1 ω9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl), anteiso-C 17 : 0 and iso-C 11 : 0 . The only respiratory quinone detected was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanol and two unknown phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain S2-21 T formed a tight phyletic lineage with Arenimonas donghaensis HO3-R19 T within the genus Arenimonas . Strain S2-21 T was related most closely to A. donghaensis HO3-R19 T at 98.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and the mean DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain S2-21 T and the type strain of A. donghaensis was 23.6 ± 2.2 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strain S2-21 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Arenimonas , for which the name Arenimonas aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S2-21 T ( = KACC 18504 T  = JCM 31129 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming and coccus-shaped bacterial strain, designated 4DR5T, was isolated from freshwater and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence of 0-0.4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %) on R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 4DR5T was assigned to the family Moraxellaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria, and its closest related taxa were species of the genera Perlucidibaca (93.67 % sequence similarity), Agitococcus (93.07 %), Paraperlucidibaca (92.31-92.38 %), Alkanindiges (91.79 %) and Acinetobacter (90.24-91.23 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in strain 4DR5T was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acids were a summed feature consisting of C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, one consisting of C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c, and C16 : 0. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 61.2 mol%. The phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical data not only supported the affiliation of strain 4DR5T to the family Moraxellaceae, but also separated it from other established genera within the family. Therefore, the novel isolate evidently represents a novel species of a new genus of Moraxellaceae, for which the name Fluviicoccus keumensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Fluviicoccus keumensis is 4DR5T ( = KCTC 32475T = JCM 19370T).

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow, motile by gliding, filamentous bacterium, designated SR 2-06T, was isolated from surface-sterilized root of garden cosmos. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that SR 2-06T was related most closely to Filimonas lacunae YT21T of the family Chitinophagaceae at a sequence similarity of 96.90 %, while levels of similarity to other related taxa were less than 93.08 %. Strain SR 2-06T exhibited similar features to F. lacunae in that it contained MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone, and iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 and a summed feature consisting of C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. However, strain SR 2-06T was distinguished from F. lacunae using a combination of physiological and biochemical properties. The cellular polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminophospholipids, unknown aminolipids, an unknown phospholipid and unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 46.0 mol%. The phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence clearly indicates that strain SR 2-06T represents a novel species of the genus Filimonas, for which the name Filimonas endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SR 2-06T ( = KCTC 42060T = JCM 19844T).